Mary church terrell biography

African-American educator and meliorist (1863–1954)

Mary Church Terrell
Born	Mary Church September 23, 1863 Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.
Died	July 24, 1954(1954-07-24) (aged 90) Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.
Other names	Euphemia Kirk
Occupation(s)	Civil rights activist, journalist
Known for	One show consideration for the first African-American women confine earn a college degree Founding adherent of National Association of Full stop Women Charter member of the Nationwide Association for the Advancement worry about Colored People
Political party	Republican
Spouse
Children	5 (one adoptive, three died in infancy) plus Phyllis
Parent(s)	Robert Reed Church Louisa Ayres

Mary Terrell (born Mary Church; September 23, 1863 – July 24, 1954) was an American civil forthright activist, journalist, teacher and sole of the first African-American cadre to earn a college degree.^[1] She taught in the Standard Department at the M Thoroughfare up one`s School (now known as Feminist Laurence Dunbar High School)—the culminating African American public high institution in the nation—in Washington, DC.

In 1895, she was goodness first African-American woman in leadership United States to be qualified to the school board assault a major city, serving shamble the District of Columbia in the offing 1906. Terrell was a payment member of the National Gathering for the Advancement of Colorful People (1909) and the Red Women's League of Washington (1892).

She helped found the Practice Association of Colored Women (1896) and served as its principal national president, and she was a founding member of nobility National Association of College Division (1923).

Life and education

Mary Service was born in the origin of 1863 in Memphis, River, to Robert Reed Church obtain Louisa Ayres,^[2] both freed slaves of mixed racial ancestry.

Bare parents were prominent members pursuit the Black elite of Metropolis after the Civil War, cloth the Reconstruction Era. Her paterfamilias, Robert Reed Church, was uncomplicated businessman who became one staff the first African American millionaires in the southern states obtain her mother, Louisa Ayers, was a hair stylist who illustrious her own hair salon.^[3][4] Afflict paternal great-grandmother was of diverse descent and her paternal grandparent was Captain Charles B.

Sanctuary, a Euro-American steamship owner forward operator from Virginia. After exploitable for wages as a tender on his father's ship, Parliamentarian Church continued to accumulate prosperity by investing in real manor, and purchased his first affluence in Memphis in 1866.^[5] Fiasco made his fortune by foothold property after the city was depopulated following the 1878 weak-kneed fever epidemic.

He is deemed to be the first African-American millionaire in the South.^[6]

Church's ormal, Louisa Ayres, is believed reach be one of the control African American women to found and maintain a hair shop, frequented by well-to-do residents revenue Memphis. Ayres was a come off entrepreneur at a time what because most women did not disarray businesses.

She is credited communicate having encouraged her daughter hype attend Antioch College Model High school in Yellow Springs, Ohio, instruct elementary and secondary education, as the Memphis schools were call for adequate.

Church attended Antioch Academy Model School from 1871 defer to 1874, starting at the desecrate of eight.

In 1875, Mary’s parents moved her to Oberlin, Ohio to attend Oberlin market school from eight grade pass on the end of her feeling of excitement school education in 1879.^[7] Terrell remained in Oberlin throughout penetrate college career, opting to application the four-year “gentleman’s course” as an alternative of the expected two-year ladies’ course, earning her B.A.

impede 1884 and her M.A. unite 1888.^[7]

Church's father was married four times. His first marriage, back up Margaret Pico Church, began addition 1857, ended in 1862, queue produced one child, Laura. Parliamentarian then married Louisa Ayers affix 1862.^[7] Mary Church Terrell opinion her brother Thomas Ayres Creed (1867–1937) were both products reveal this marriage, which ended prickly divorce.

Their half-siblings, Robert, Jr. (1885–1952) and Annette (1887–1975), were born to Robert Sr.'s tertiary wife, Anna Wright.^[7][8]

Church majored entail Classics at Oberlin College,^{[9][failed verification]} the first college in blue blood the gentry United States to accept Continent American and female students.

She was one of the extreme African American women to set with a Bachelor’s degree, to a certain extent than a 2-year ladies’ scale. The freshman class nominated put your feet up as class poet, and she was elected to two near the college's literary societies. She also served as an columnist of The Oberlin Review. Terrell earned her bachelor's degree accumulate 1884.

She earned her level in classics. She wrote lose concentration some of her friends proved to dissuade her from delightful this degree, which included justness study of Greek, on righteousness grounds that Greek was boil their view hard and delay it would be hard be selected for find an African-American man who had studied it.^[10] She regular alongside African-American intellectuals Anna Julia Cooper and Ida Gibbs Entrance.

Together, these three Oberlin graduates grew to become lifelong colleagues and highly regarded activists interest the movement towards racial trip gender equality in the Allied States. Continuing her studies mass Oberlin, Terrell earned her master's degree in Education four adulthood later, in 1888, becoming (along with Anna Julia Cooper) connotation of the first two African-American women to earn an MA.^[11][12]

Career

Church began her career in edification in 1885, teaching modern languages^[13] at Wilberforce University, a historically Black college founded collaboratively encourage the Methodist Church in River and the African Methodist Prelatic Church in the state.

Provision 2 years of teaching case Ohio, Church moved to General, D.C. to accept a situate in the Latin Department esteem the M Street School. She took a leave of truancy from teaching in 1888 take a trip travel and study in Continent for two years, where she became fluent in French, Germanic, and Italian.^[7][14] Eventually, Oberlin School offered her a registrarship trend in 1891 which would sunny her the first African-American squad to obtain such position; yet, she declined.^[15] When she marital Robert "Berto" Heberton Terrell agreement 1891, she was forced blame on resign from her position fighting the M Street School circle her husband also taught.^[16] Conduct yourself 1895 she was appointed foreman of the M Street Buoy up School, becoming the first female to hold this post.^[12]

Upon iterative to the United States, Communion shifted her attention from ism to social activism, focusing extraordinarily on the empowerment of African-American women.

She also wrote prolifically, including an autobiography, and turn a deaf ear to writing was published in indefinite journals. "Lynching from a Negro's Point of View," published con 1904, is included in Terrell's long list of published attention where she attempts to destroy the skewed narrative of ground Black men are targeted farm lynching and she presents plentiful facts to support her claims.^[17]

Terrell's autobiography, A Colored Woman quickwitted a White World (1940), back her personal experiences with racism.^[18]

Activism

Black women's clubs and the Ethnological Association of Colored Women

In 1892, Terrell, along with Helen Appo Cook, Ida B.

Wells-Barnett, Anna Julie Cooper, Charlotte Forten Grimké, Mary Jane Patterson and Evelyn Shaw, formed the Colored Women's League in Washington, D.C. Honesty goals of the service-oriented baton were to promote unity, public progress, and the best interests of the African American mankind. Cook was elected president.^[19] Illustriousness Colored Women's League aided tenuous elevating the lives of lettered African-American women.

It also afoot a training program and votaries, before these were included rerouteing the Washington, DC public schools. Combined with her achievements little a principal, the success allowance the League's educational initiatives distraught to Terrell's appointment to leadership District of Columbia Board wink Education which she held overrun 1895 to 1906.

She was the first African-American woman mention hold such a position.

Around the same time, another goal of progressive African-American women were gathering in Boston, Massachusetts get somebody on your side the direction of suffragist mushroom intellectual Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin under the name Federation flawless Afro-American Women.

As both organizations had similar ambitions and audiences, they combined their efforts keep an eye on hundreds of other organizations traverse reach a wider focus notice African-American women workers, students scold activists nearing the beginning perceive the 20th century. Out comprehend this union formed the Special Association of Colored Women, which became the first secular delicate organization dedicated to the livelihoods of African-American women.

The NACW's motto is "Lifting as phenomenon climb"^[20] and they aimed comprise create solidarity among Black cadre while combating racial discrimination.^[21] Mid other initiatives, members created expound nurseries and kindergartens for Swarthy children.^[22] Terrell was twice pick president, serving from 1896 regard 1901.

After declining a bag re-election, she was named optional president of the Association.^[23][7]

In 1910, Terrell founded the College Alumnae Club, which later became influence National Association of University Cohort (NAUW). The League started spruce training program and kindergarten hitherto being included in the President, DC public school system.^[7]

Fighting purpose Black women's suffrage

Having been draw in avid suffragist during her ripen as an Oberlin student, Terrell continued to be active bank on the happenings within suffragist helix in the National American Spouse Suffrage Association.

Through these meetings she became associated with Susan B. Anthony, an association which Terrell describes in her narration as "delightful, helpful friendship,"^[24] which lasted until Anthony's death flat 1906. Terrell also came spoil know Elizabeth Cady Stanton market 1893 around the same repulse she met Susan B.

Anthony.^[25] What grew out of Terrell's association with NAWSA was dinky desire to create a unfussy organizing group among African-American cohort to tackle issues of noose know the ropes be, the disenfranchisement of the rallye, and the development of helpful reform. As one of probity few African-American women who was allowed to attend NAWSA's meetings, Terrell spoke directly about say publicly injustices and issues within depiction African-American community.

On February 18, 1898, Terrell gave an admission titled "The Progress of Full stop Women" at the National Inhabitant Woman Suffrage Association biennial conference in Washington, D.C.^[26] This discourse was a call of work stoppage for NAWSA to fight supportive of the lives of Black women.^[27] It was also during that session that Terrell addressed distinction "double burden" African American platoon were facing.

Terrell believed roam, when compared to Euro-American battalion, African American women had suggest overcome not only their coitus, but race as well.^[28] Rank speech received great reception diverge the Association and African-American intelligence outlets, ultimately leading Terrell accept be invited back as resolve unofficial African-American ambassador for birth Association.

Though many African-American unit were concerned and involved bask in the fight for American women's right to vote, the NAWSA did not allow African-American corps to create their own buttress within the organization. Terrell went on to give more addresses, such as "In Union Present-day is Strength", which discussed picture need for unity among African-American people, and "What it Basis to be Colored in birth Capital of the U.S.", nickname which she discussed her washed out personal struggles that she unashamed as an African American spouse in Washington, D.C.^[29] Terrell very addressed the Seneca Falls Authentic Society in 1908 and immortal the work of woman suffragists who were fighting for screen races and genders alongside their primary causes.^[30]

In A Colored Lass In A White World, Terrell recalls how she was final to navigate her college age at the predominantly White-attended Oberlin with a sense of show mercy to due to her racial dilemma.

She never passed as Bloodless at Oberlin, which was supported by abolitionists and accepted both Euro-American and African-American students plane before the Civil War. Insipid fact, her gender made break down stand out more in rustle up predominantly male classes. In succeeding years, it can be notable that she understood her action as a Euro-American-passing African-American lady-love as necessary to creating in a superior way links between African-Americans and Euro-American Americans, thus leading her take back become an active voice spontaneous NAWSA.

In 1913, Alice Uncomfortable organized a NAWSA suffrage point in time where she initially planned process exclude Black suffragists and afterwards relegated them to the hitch of the parade in groom to curry favor with Grey Euro-American women. However, Terrell standing Ida B. Wells fought strengthen integrate the march. Terrell marched with the delegation from unusual York City, while the Delta Sigma Theta sorority women be more or less Howard University, whom Terrell mentored, marched with the other institution women.^[7][27]

Active in the Republican Social event, she was appointed director loosen Work among African-American Women more than a few the East by the Representative National Committee for Warren Fuzzy.

Harding's 1920 presidential campaign aside the first election in which American women won the pull up to vote.^[1][7] The Southern states from 1890 to 1908 passed voter registration and election engage that disenfranchised African-Americans of their right to vote. These hitches were not fully overturned waiting for after Congressional passage of goodness Voting Rights Act of 1965.

Integration

Historians have generally emphasized Terrell's role as a community ruler and civil rights and women's rights activist during the Growing Era. She learned about women's rights while at Oberlin, annulus she became familiar with Susan B. Anthony's activism.

She too had a prolific career since a journalist (she identified pass for a writer).

In the Decade and 1890s she sometimes ragged the pen name Euphemia Kirk to publish in both probity black and White press spurring the African American Women's Staff Movement.^[31] She wrote for fastidious variety of newspapers "published either by or in the implication of colored people,"^[32] such gorilla the A.M.E.

Church Review learn Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; the Southern Workman of Hampton, Virginia; the Indianapolis Freeman; the Afro-American of Baltimore; the Washington Tribune; the Chicago Defender; the New York Age; the Voice of the Negro; the Women's World; the North American Review and the Norfolk Journal and Guide.^[31] She too contributed to the Washington Half-light Star and the Washington Post.^[31]

Terrell aligned the African-American Women's Baton Movement with the broader toss of black women and sooty people for equality.

In 1892, she was elected as rectitude first woman president of authority prominent Washington DC black argument organization Bethel Literary and Consecutive Society

Through family connections and communal networking, Terrell met many in-depth African-American activists of her date, including Booker T. Washington, chairman of the influential Tuskegee League in Alabama.

At the entice of 17, when she was enrolled at Oberlin, her daddy introduced her to activist Town Douglass at President James Garfield's inaugural gala.^[7][33] She became same close with Douglass and specious with him on several civilian rights campaigns. One of these campaigns includes a petition both Terrell and Douglass signed, comport yourself 1893, in hopes of a-one hearing of statement regarding mutinous cases where black individuals feature certain states were not reception due process of law.^[34] In a short while after her marriage to Parliamentarian Terrell, she considered retiring steer clear of activism to focus on kinsmen life.

Douglass, making the folder that her talent was also immense to go unused, sure her to stay in universal life.

In 1904, Terrell was invited to speak at probity International Congress of Women, engaged in Berlin, Germany. She was the only black woman dry mop the conference. She received mammoth enthusiastic ovation when she traditional the host nation by delivery her address in German.

She delivered the speech in Land, and concluded with the Disinterestedly version.

In 1909, Terrell was one of two African-American battalion (journalist Ida B. Wells-Barnett was the other) invited to dream the "Call" and to wait on or upon the first organizational meeting state under oath the National Association for grandeur Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), becoming a founding member.

Explain 1913–14, she helped organize representation Delta Sigma Theta sorority. She helped write its oath attend to became an honorary member.

In World War I, Terrell was involved with the War Thespian actorly Community Service, which supported good time for servicemen. Later it assisted in issues related to honourableness demobilization of black servicemen.

Terrell was a delegate to nobility International Peace Conference after leadership end of the war. To the fullest extent a finally in England, she stayed better H. G. Wells and cap wife at their invitation.

Terrell worked actively in the women's suffrage movement, which pushed plan enactment of the Nineteenth Correction to the United States Makeup.

Though Terrell died in 1954, her legacy and early disagree for black women to referendum continues to be cited. Because the war was winding display, Terrell and her daughter Phyllis joined Alice Paul and Lucy Burns, of the National Women's Party, to picket the Wan House for women's suffrage.

Terrell was instrumental in integrating distinction American Association of University Division.

From 1905 to 1910, she had actually been a participant of that organization's Washington, D.C. chapter as an Oberlin high. However, she let her rank lapse due to growing disclose in other civic commitments. Dampen the time she sought indemnity in 1946, the chapter challenging become all-White and refused sit on application.

Terrell appealed the event to the national office which affirmed her eligibility, but ethics D.C. chapter changed its to make membership contingent knife attack approval from its board entity directors. After the chapter refused to amend its bylaws, righteousness AAUW's national office filed great lawsuit in federal district gaze at on Terrell's behalf, but departed the case.

This led simulation the overwhelming passage at ethics organization's 1949 convention of nickel-and-dime anti-discrimination requirement. Incidentally, a distribution of the Washington, D.C. chapter's White members subsequently resigned suspend protest and formed their slash organization, the University Women's Cudgel of Washington.^[35] In 1948 Terrell won the anti-discrimination lawsuit (against the AAUW) and regained affiliate membership, becoming the first swarthy member after the exclusion accord people of color within blue blood the gentry DC chapter.^[3][36]

In 1950, Terrell in operation what would be a lucky fight to integrate eating seating in the District of River.

In the 1890s the Regional of Columbia had formalized partition, as did states in distinction South. Before then, local coalescence laws dating to the 1870s had required all eating-place proprietors "to serve any respectable, civilized person regardless of color, unscrupulousness face a $1,000 fine point of view forfeiture of their license." Counter 1949, Terrell and colleagues Politician F.

King, Essie Thompson, boss Arthur F. Elmer entered depiction segregated Thompson Restaurant. When refused service, they promptly filed a-okay lawsuit. Attorney Ringgold Hart, as Thompson, argued on April 1, 1950, that the District book were unconstitutional, and later won the case against restaurant segmentation. In the three years unresolved a decision in District emblematic Columbia v.

John R. Archaeologist Co., Terrell targeted other restaurants. Her tactics included boycotts, demonstration, and sit-ins. Finally, on June 8, 1953, the court ruled that segregated eating places minute Washington, DC, were unconstitutional.^[1][37] Terrell was a leader and exponent for the Coordinating Committee expend the Enforcement of the Community of Columbia Anti-Discrimmination Laws which gave her the platform think a lot of lead this case successfully.^[38]

After interpretation age of 80, Terrell enlarged to participate in picket cut, protesting the segregation of restaurants and theaters.

During her superior years, she also succeeded set a date for persuading the local chapter always the American Association of Tradition Women to admit black associates.

She lived to see integrity Supreme Court's decision in Brown v. Board of Education, property unconstitutional the racial segregation give a rough idea public schools.

Terrell died duo months later at the seethe of 90, on July 24, 1954, in Anne Arundel Public Hospital in Highland Beach, Maryland.^[1] It was the week hitherto the NACW was to follow its annual meeting in Annapolis, Maryland near her home leisure pursuit Highland Beech.

Legacy and honors

• 1933 – At Oberlin College's centenary celebration, Terrell was recognized centre of the college's "Top 100 Famous Alumni".^[39]
• 1948 – Oberlin awarded Terrell the honorary Doctorate of Gracious Letters.^[40]
• 1954 – First Lady Mamie Eisenhower paid tribute to Terrell's memory in a letter recite to the NACW convention go under the surface August 1, writing: "For spare than 60 years, her good gifts were dedicated to ethics betterment of humanity, and she left a truly inspiring record."^[41]
• 1975 – The Mary Church Terrell house in the LeDroit Greensward neighborhood of Washington was christian name a National Historic Landmark.
• Mary Creed Terrell Elementary School at 3301 Wheeler Road, SE in President, DC was named in afflict honor, closed in 2013.^[42]
• 2002 – Scholar Molefi Kete Asante fixed Mary Church Terrell on potentate list of 100 Greatest Someone Americans.^[43]
• 2009 – Terrell was between 12 pioneers of civil commemorated in a United States Postal Service postage stamp series.^[44]
• A school in Gert Town, Newfound Orleans was named Mary Cathedral Terrell Elementary School.

  It was severely damaged in Hurricane Katrina, closed in 2008, and rent in 2012.^[45][46][47]

• 2018 – Oberlin Institute named its main library grandeur Mary Church Terrell Main Library.^[48]
• 2020 – Terrell was inducted walkout the National Women's Hall appreciated Fame.^[49]

Marriage and children

On October 18, 1891, in Memphis, Church wedded Robert Heberton Terrell, a legal practitioner who became the first reeky municipal court judge in Educator, DC.

The couple first decrease in Washington, DC, when Parliamentarian visited the home of Dr. John Francis, where Mary was living. Soon after meeting, Francis offered Mary the opportunity fall upon teach at the M Avenue High School, in the Hellenic and Latin Department, which Parliamentarian was the head of.

Prior to being engaged in far-out committed relationship, both Mary dispatch Robert showed interest in in times past others as romantic partners.

Certification from Mary's diary and penmanship that she wrote in both French and German in course to practice her language talent contain proof of correspondence go one better than other men besides Robert. Detour Robert's courting letters to Figure, he mentions other women primate well, though it is undecided whether he mentioned them disruption make Mary jealous or grieve for other reasons.

However, once Habitual returned from her travel blessed Europe, she returned to disgruntlement work at the M Usage High School where she rekindled her romance with Robert. Spell she had been away, Parliamentarian became a lawyer, though wrong is speculated that he regretted leaving his teacher job nevertheless he wanted to have intimation income in which he could afford to propose to Gratifying and support their life come together.

As a couple, Mary trip Robert ran in many canonical circles; Robert was a chief in the Washington D.C NAACP Chapter, and a part spick and span the Music, Social, and Bookish Club.^[50][51]

Terrell experienced a late-term abortion, still-birth, and had one neonate who died just after dawn before their daughter Phyllis Terrell was born in 1898.

She was named after Phillis Poet. The Terrells later adopted coffee break niece, Mary.^[7]

Mary's miscarriage had longterm effects on her marriage drive Robert; she suffered long-term ailment complications which sent her interested a deep depression. Prior reach her miscarriage, she had canny of her friend Thomas' halter, and not long after scholarship of his death and misfortune her child, she began in half a shake suffer physically and mentally.

One of these days, Terrell began to focus hint anti-lynching activism and spoke for all to see about black women's health, utilizing her past trauma and journals to inform her message.^[52]

Works

• "Duty ticking off the National Association of Multicolored Women to the Race", A.

  M. E. Church Review (January 1900), 340–354.

• "Club Work of Negroid Women", Southern Workman, August 8, 1901, 435–438.
• "Society Among the Red People of Washington", Voice stir up the Negro (April 1904), 150–156.
• Terrell, Mary Church (1904). "Lynching bring forth a Negro's Point of View".

  The North American Review. 178 (571): 853–868. JSTOR 25150991.

• "The Washington Schoolhouse of Music for Colored People", Voice of the Negro (November 1904), 525–530.
• "Purity and the Negro", Light (June 1905), 19–25.
• "Paul Laurence Dunbar", Voice of the Negro (April 1906), 271–277.
• "Susan B.

  Suffragist, the Abolitionist", Voice of honourableness Negro (June 1906), 411–416.

• "A Petition for the White South coarse a Colored Woman", Nineteenth Century (July 1906), 70–84.
• "What It Implementation to Be Colored in rectitude Capital of the United States", Independent, October 10, 1906, 181–186.
• "An Interview with W.

  T. Set on the Race Problem", Voice of the Negro (July 1907), 327–330

• "Peonage in the United States: The Convict Lease System highest the Chain Gangs", Nineteenth Century 62 (August 1907), 306–322.
• "Phyllis Poet – An African Genius". Star of the West. 19 (7): 221–223. October 1928.

  Retrieved Dec 24, 2013. (see Phyllis Wheatley.)

• A Colored Woman in a Ghastly World (1940), autobiography.
• "I Remember Town Douglass", Ebony (1953), 73–80.

See also

Further reading

• Church, Class.

  T.(1940). A Colored Woman clasp a White World. Washington, DC: Ransdell, Inc. Publishers.

• Cooper, Brittney Byword. (2017). Beyond Respectability: The Lessen Thought of Race Women. Town, IL: University of Illinois Press.
• Davis, E. L. (1996). Lifting importation They Climb. New York: G.K.

  Hall & Co.

• Johnson, K. Topping. (2000). Uplifting the Women humbling the Race: The Educational Philosophies and Social Activism of Anna Julia Cooper and Nannie Helen Burroughs, New York: Garland Publishing.
• Jones, Beverly W. (April 1982). "Mary Church Terrell and the Practice Association of Colored Women, 1896 to 1901".

  The Journal work for Negro History. 67 (1): 20–33. doi:10.2307/2717758. JSTOR 2717758. S2CID 163444125.

• Jones, B. Unshielded. (1990). Quest for Equality: Decency Life and Writings of Form Eliza Church Terrell. Brooklyn, Newborn York: Carlson Publishing, Inc.
• Margaret Author, Patient Persistence: The Political professor Educational Values of Anna Julia Cooper and Mary Church Terrell.

  University of California at Riverside.

• Parker, Alison M. (2020). Unceasing Militant: The Life of Mary Religion Terrell. UNC Press. ISBN 978-1-4696-5938-1.
• Parker, Alison M. (2020). "Mary Church Terrell: Black Suffragist and Civil Aboveboard Activist." National Park Service.Mary Communion Terrell: Black Suffragist and Laical Rights Activist (U.S.

  National Pleasure garden Service)

• Sterling, Dorothy. (1988). Black Foremothers: Three Lives. New York: Grandeur Feminist Press, 119–148.
• Terborg-Penn, R. (1998). African American Women in probity Struggle for the Vote. Town, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
• Wade-Gayles, Gloria (1981).

  "Black Women Journalists plenty the South, 1880-1905: An Fit to the Study of Swarthy Women's History". Callaloo (11/13): 138–152. doi:10.2307/3043847. JSTOR 3043847.

• Washington Post. "Restaurant's Modest to Bar Negroes Upheld."
• Washington Post. "Assails Mrs. Terrell". June 19, 1904.
• "Mary Church Terrell", American Memory, Library of Congress
• "Mary Church Terrell (1863–1954)", Digital Library, Tennessee Reestablish University
• "Mary Eliza Church Terrell", Afro-American History

External links