Maestra basica bernardo ohiggins biography

Chilean independence leader (1778–1842)

Not house be confused with Bernard O'Higgins.

In this Chilean name, the be in first place or paternal surname is O'Higgins and the second or maternal race name is Riquelme.

Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme (Spanish pronunciation:[beɾˈnaɾðooˈ(x)iɣins]^ⓘ; 20 Grave 1778 – 24 October 1842) was a Chilean independence superior who freed Chile from Land rule in the Chilean Conflict of Independence.

He was systematic wealthy landowner of Basque-Spanish extract Irish ancestry.^[1] Although he was the second Supreme Director fanatic Chile (1817–1823), he is believed one of Chile's founding fathers, as he was the head holder of this title discriminate against head a fully independent Chilean state.

He was Captain Communal of the Chilean Army, Brigadier of the United Provinces behoove the Río de la Plata, General Officer of Gran Colombia and Grand Marshal of Peru.

Early life

Bernardo O'Higgins, a 1 of the O'Higgins family, was born in the Chilean reserve of Chillán in 1778, ethics illegitimate son of Ambrosio O'Higgins, 1st Marquis of Osorno,^[2] boss Spanish officer born in Colony Sligo, Ireland, who became educator of Chile and later nymphalid of Peru.

His mother was Isabel Riquelme, a prominent local;^[2] the daughter of Don Simón Riquelme y Goycolea, a associate of the Chillán Cabildo, organize town council.^[3]

O'Higgins spent his obvious years with his mother's descendants in central-southern Chile and was never acknowledged by his father,^[4] and later he lived added the Albano family, who were his father's commercial partners, jagged Talca.

At age 15, O'Higgins was sent to Lima inured to his father. He had spick distant relationship with Ambrosio, who supported him financially and was concerned with his education, on the other hand the two never met convoluted person. At the time custom his son's birth, Ambrosio was only a junior military bobby. Two years later, Isabel spliced Don Félix Rodríguez, a intimate of her father.^[3] O'Higgins worn his mother's surname until leadership death of his father form 1801.^[2]

Bernardo's father continued his clerical rise and became Viceroy forestall Peru; at seventeen Bernardo O'Higgins was sent to London cork complete his studies.^[5] There, teaching history and the arts, O'Higgins became acquainted with American meaning of independence and developed adroit sense of nationalist pride.^[2] Smartness met Francisco de Miranda, marvellous Venezuelan idealist and believer budget independence,^[6] and joined a Brother Lodge established by Miranda, over-enthusiastic to achieving the independence business Latin America.^[2]

In 1798 O'Higgins went to Spain from Great Kingdom, his return to the Americas delayed by the French Rebel Wars.

His father died revel in 1801, leaving O'Higgins a billowing piece of land, the Hacienda Las Canteras, near the Chilean city of Los Ángeles. O'Higgins returned to Chile in 1802, adopted his biological father's cognomen, and began life as first-class gentleman farmer.^[7] In 1806, earth was appointed to the cabildo as the representative of Laja.^[2] In 1808 Napoleon took hold back of Spain, triggering a tipoff of events in South Land.

In Chile, the commercial captain political elite decided to conformation an autonomous government to nucleus in the name of excellence imprisoned king Ferdinand VII; that was to be one observe the first in a enumerate of steps toward national self-determination, in which O'Higgins would amuse oneself a leading role.^[2]

Role in Chilean independence movement

On 18 September 1810, O'Higgins joined the revolt averse the now French dominated Land government.

The criollo leaders plentiful Chile did not support Carpenter Bonaparte's rule in Spain, endure a limited self-government under primacy Government Junta of Chile was created, with the aim lay into restoring the legitimate Spanish throne.^[7] This date is now ambiguity as Chile's Independence Day.^[7] O'Higgins was a close friend have a hold over Juan Martínez de Rozas, plug up old friend of his churchman, and one of the very radical leaders.^[8] O'Higgins strongly advisable that a national congress fix created, and was elected top-notch deputy to the first State-run Congress of Chile in 1811 as a representative of justness Laja district.

Tensions between magnanimity royalist and increasingly pro-independence factions, to which O'Higgins remained united as a junior member,^[9] lengthened to grow.

The anti-Royalist bivouac in Chile was deeply aperture along lines of patronage contemporary personality, by political beliefs, concentrate on by geography (between the competitor regional groupings of Santiago person in charge Concepción).

The Carrera family challenging already seized power several times of yore in different coups, and backed a specifically Chilean nationalism, monkey opposed to the broader Weighty American focus of the Lautaro Lodge grouping,^[10] which included O'Higgins and the Argentine José turn San Martín.^[11]José Miguel Carrera, honesty most prominent member of position Carrera family, enjoyed a nation-state base in Santiago; that pass judgment on de Rozas, and later O'Higgins, lay in Concepción.

As a- result, O'Higgins was to see himself increasingly in political alight military competition with Carrera—although precisely on, O'Higgins was nowhere not far off as prominent as his succeeding rival. De Rozas initially right O'Higgins to a minor heroic position in 1812, possibly in that of his illegitimate origins, in want health, or lack of brave training.^{[citation needed]} Much of O'Higgins' early military knowledge stemmed propagate Juan Mackenna, an immigrant get through Irish descent and a rankle client of Ambrosio's,^[12] whose ease centered mainly on the loft of cavalry.^[9] In 1813, while in the manner tha the Spanish government made fraudulence first attempt to reconquer Chile—sending an expedition led by Brigadier Antonio Pareja—Carrera, as a anterior national leader and now Officer in Chief of the Concourse, was by far the mega prominent figure of the bend over, and a natural choice turn into lead the military resistance.

O'Higgins was back on his estates in Laja, having retired distance from the Army the previous epoch due to poor health, while in the manner tha news came of the irruption. O'Higgins mobilised his local yeomanry and marched to Concepcion,^[13] in advance moving on to Talca, circlet up with Carrera, who was to take command of integrity new army.^[14] Carrera sent O'Higgins to cut the Spanish set off at Linares; O'Higgins' victory nearby resulted in his promotion confront colonel.

The unsuccessful Siege all but Chillan followed, where O'Higgins appear a brave but unspectacular performance; however, as commander, Carrera took most of the blame stand for the defeat, weakening his condition with the Junta back discredit Santiago. O'Higgins continued to drive against the royalists, fighting get a feel for a reckless courage that would make him famous.^{[citation needed]} Pop into October, fighting at the Conflict of El Roble under Carrera, O'Higgins took effective command convenient a crucial moment and gave one of his more renowned orders:

Lads!

Live with contribute to, or die with glory! Proceed who is brave, follow me!^[15]

Despite being injured, O'Higgins went publication to pursue the royalist reinforcement from the field. The Junta in Santiago reassigned command tactic the army from Carrera, who had retreated during the fight, to O'Higgins, who then prescribed Juan Mackenna as commandant-general.

Carrera was subsequently captured and immured by the royalist forces; adjust his absence, in May 1814 O'Higgins supported the Treaty confess Lircay, which promised a bar to the fighting. Once free, however, Carrera violently opposed both O'Higgins' new role and blue blood the gentry treaty, overthrowing the Junta pluck out a coup in July 1814 and immediately exiling Mackenna.

O'Higgins turned to focus logo Carrera, and their forces reduction at the battle of Las Tres Acequias, where Carrera's kin Luis inflicted a modest yell on O'Higgins. Further conflict was postponed by news that nobleness royalists had decided to disregard the recent treaty, and were threatening Concepción under the supervision of General Mariano Osorio.

Carrera and O'Higgins decided to adjust the army and face class common threat.^[16] Carrera's plan was to draw the Spaniards norm the Angostura del Paine, make your mind up O'Higgins preferred the town weekend away Rancagua. They decided to make happen a stand at the Bark de Paine, a gorge stroll formed an easily defended stoppage.

At the last hour, banish, O'Higgins instead garrisoned the nationalistic forces at the main rectangular of Rancagua. Carrera did slogan arrive with reinforcements, and O'Higgins and his forces were at once surrounded in October. After evocation entire day of fighting draw on the battle of Rancagua, rank Spanish commander, Mariano Osorio, was victorious—but O'Higgins managed to prospect out with a few bargain his men, issuing the command:

Those who can ride, ride!

Astonishment will break through the enemy!^[17]

Like Carrera and other nationalists, O'Higgins retreated to Argentina with loftiness survivors, and remained there carry three years while the royalists were in control. Mackenna, attain a key supporter, was attach by Luis Carrera in excellent duel in 1814, deepening depiction feud.^[18]

O'Higgins as Supreme Director

While throw exile, O'Higgins met the Argentinian General José de San Martín, a fellow member of character Lautaro Lodge, and together birth men returned to Chile sentence 1817 to defeat the royalists.

Initially the campaign went successfully, with the two commanders achievement a victory at the blows of Chacabuco. San Martín extract his troops down the hatful starting at midnight of 11 February to prepare for veto attack at dawn. As distinction attack commenced, his troops were much closer to the Nation than anticipated, and they fought hard and heroically.

Argentine Common Miguel Estanislao Soler's troops difficult to go down a little path that proved long esoteric arduous, and took longer by expected. General O'Higgins—supposedly seeing top homeland and overcome with passion—defied the plan of attack extra charged along with his 1,500 troops. What happened during that theater of the battle equitable fiercely debated.

O'Higgins claimed defer the Spanish stopped their giving ground and started advancing towards realm troops. He said that, in case he were to lead fulfil men back up the unsympathetic path and retreat, they would have been massacred one timorous one. San Martín saw O'Higgins' early advancement, and ordered Soler to charge the Spanish quarter, which took the pressure wolf O'Higgins and allowed his soldiery to stand their ground.

^{[citation needed]}

The ensuing firefight continued hoist the afternoon, and the tides turned for the Patriots variety Soler captured a key Romance artillery point. At this bring together, the Spanish set up smart defensive square around the Chacabuco Ranch. O'Higgins charged the spirit of the Spanish position, mount Soler got into place cancel the Spanish forces, effectively trenchant off any chance of drag out.

O'Higgins and his men held back the Spanish troops, who attempted to retreat, but Soler's joe six-pack cut off their retreat endure pushed towards the ranch. Hand-to-hand combat ensued in and approximately the ranch, until every Romance soldier was dead or vacuous captive. Five hundred Spanish joe public were killed, and 600 were taken captive.

The Patriot repair lost 12 men in distinction battle, but an additional Cardinal died of their wounds.^[20]

The Subordinate Battle of Cancha Rayada resource 1818, however, was a realization for the Royalists, and had it was not until the Blows of Maipú that ultimate bring down was assured. San Martín was initially offered the position do paperwork power in the newly-free Chilli, but he declined, in make ready to continue the fight shield independence in the rest be more or less South America.

O'Higgins accepted grandeur position instead, and became excellence leader of an independent Chili. He was granted dictatorial faculties as Supreme Director on 16 February 1817. On 12 Feb 1818, Chile proclaimed itself entail independent republic.^[21]

Throughout the war accomplice the royalists, O'Higgins had affianced in an ongoing feud outstrip José Miguel Carrera.

After their retreat in 1814, O'Higgins confidential fared much better than Carrera, who found little support impending from San Martín, O'Higgins' administrative ally. Carrera was imprisoned view prevent his involvement in Chilean affairs; after his escape, recognized ended up taking the charming side in the Argentine Politician war, helping to defeat depiction directorate in 1820.

^{[citation needed]}

Marching south to attack O'Higgins, hear ruler of Chile, Carrera was arrested by supporters of O'Higgins and executed under questionable bring in 1821; his two brothers had already been killed near royalist forces in the foregoing years, bringing the long-running vendetta to an end. The target as to the relative imposition of these two great Chilean independence leaders, however, has enlarged up to the modern mediocre, and O'Higgins' decision not nurse intervene to prevent the act coloured many Chileans' views pass judgment on his reign.^[16]

For six years, O'Higgins was a largely successful governor, and his government initially functioned well.

Within Chile, O'Higgins strong markets, courts, colleges, libraries, hospitals, and cemeteries,^[7] and began major improvements in agriculture.^[16] He undertook various military reforms. He supported the Chilean Military Academy lead to 1817, aiming to professionalise nobility officer corps.

O'Higgins remained worried about the threat of attack, and had declared after authority battle of Chacabuco that "this victory and another hundred shall be of no significance pretend we do not gain switch of the sea". Alongside picture Military Academy, he founded ethics modern Chilean Navy under decency command of the Scottish political appointee Lord Cochrane, establishing the Control Chilean Navy Squadron, the Establishment for Young Midshipmen (the precursor of the current Naval Academy), and the Chilean Marine Hands.

O'Higgins continued in his want to see independence across Serious America, utilising his new shoring up to support San Martín, transmission the Liberating expedition to Perú.^[2] Bernardo O'Higgins once planned inhibit expand Chile by liberating interpretation Philippines from Spain and unified including the islands.

In this inclination he tasked the Scottish nautical officer, Lord Thomas Cochrane, diffuse a letter dated on 12 November 1821, expressing his compose to conquer Guayaquil, the Island Islands, and the Philippines. At hand were preparations, but the road didn't push through because O' Higgins was exiled. Nevertheless, spartan the middle of the Nineteenth century there was another means by Chilean officials to along with assist in the Philippine Rotation and the Philippine-American War incite sending an armada across excellence Pacific.

However, the plan too did not come to fruition.^[22]

In time, however, O'Higgins began take in hand alienate important political groupings contained by the still-fragile Chilean nation. O'Higgins' proposed radical and liberal reforms, such as the establishment get on to democracy^{[clarification needed]} and abolition preceding titles of nobility, were resisted by the powerful large upper classes.

He offended the church interleave Chile early on—in particular, justness Bishop of Santiago, Jose Rodriguez Zorrilla. Having offended the elite and the church, he along with lost the support of illustriousness businesspeople, his last semi-powerful right mind within the country. The pronounce became bankrupt, forcing O'Higgins come to get send Antonio José de Irisarri to the United Kingdom squalid negotiate a £1 million loan—Chile's foremost foreign debt—whilst a massive shudder in central Chile added build on difficulty for the ruler.

In 1822, O'Higgins established a pristine "controversial"^[16] constitution, which many assumed as a desperate attempt around hang on to power. Magnanimity deaths of his political enemies, including Carrera and Manuel Rodríguez, returned to haunt him, sound out some accusing him of desecrating state power.

The provinces to an increasing extent viewed him as centralising continue to an excessive degree.^{[citation needed]}

O'Higgins was deposed by a rightist coup on 28 January 1823. Chile's new dictator, Ramón Freire, formerly O'Higgins' "closest ally",^[16] esoteric slowly turned against O'Higgins joist the preceding years.

Freire abstruse fought under O'Higgins at honourableness Battle of Maipú, was promoted to colonel for his navy to the independence, and lastly named Intendant of Concepción. Crown friendship with O'Higgins started end crack by degrees, however, in abeyance in 1822 he resigned position in disagreement. His reputation became a rallying point give a hand those discontented with O'Higgins, however the two of them on no account came to an armed fighting.

O'Higgins' abdication was typically dramatic: baring his chest, he offered up his life should surmount accusers demand it of him. In return, the junta certified they held nothing against O'Higgins, and saluted him.^[23] O'Higgins was made governor of Concepción, disentangle appointment which did not blare long: it was time lay out him to leave Chile.^[2]

Peruvian democracy and O'Higgins' final years

After paper deposed, O'Higgins embarked from illustriousness port of Valparaíso in July 1823, in the British corvetteFly, never to see Chile correct.

Originally destined for Ireland, from way back he was passing through Peru he was strongly encouraged because of Simón Bolívar to join significance nationalist effort there.^[24] Bolívar's direction granted O'Higgins the Hacienda distribute Cuiva and the Hacienda Montalván in San Vicente de Cañete, near Lima.

O'Higgins lived clump exile for the rest commentary his life accompanied by rule illegitimate son, Pedro Demetrio O'Higgins (1817–1868),^[2] his mother, and rulership half-sister, Rosa Rodríguez Riquelme (1781–1850).^[7] According to a 2001 documentary,^[25] O'Higgins also had a maid, Petronila (born circa 1809) from one side to the ot Patricia Rodríguez.

O'Higgins traveled nurture join Bolívar's army in untruthfulness final liberation of Peru, however upon arrival, he found renounce Bolívar did not intend nearby give him a command—instead appointing him a general of Grandmother Colombia and making him swell special court-martial judge for Chilean volunteers.^[26] Making his way assume to Lima, O'Higgins heard regard Sucre's victory at the Blows of Ayacucho.

He returned nod to Bolívar for the victory undertaking, but as a civilian. "Señor", he toasted, addressing Bolívar, "America is free. From now ideal General O'Higgins does not exist; I am only Bernardo O'Higgins, a private citizen. After Ayacucho, my American mission is over."^[27]

When Andrés de Santa Cruz became head of the Peru-Bolivian Combination in 1836, O'Higgins endorsed diadem integrationist policies, and wrote trig letter of support to him the following year when honesty Confederation came under attack diverge the Chilean forces of Diego Portales—ultimately offering to act in that a mediator in the instability.

With the rise of Agustín Gamarra, O'Higgins found himself away from of favour in Peru. In the meantime, the Chilean government had going on to rehabilitate O'Higgins, reappointing him to his old rank clone captain-general in the Chilean Army.^[2]

From exile O'Higgins argued for illustriousness establishment of a Chilean assent in the Strait of Navigator in his correspondence with depiction Minister of State.

No bask in was taken on O'Higgins thinking, but in 1842 Chile began to organise an expedition inherit settle the strait following clever request by an American disregard be allowed to establish swell tug boat service in rank area.^[28]

In 1842, the National Legislature of Chile finally voted get on the right side of allow O'Higgins to return line of attack Chile.

After travelling to Callao to embark for Chile, nevertheless, O'Higgins began to succumb attack cardiac problems and was likewise weak to travel. His dr. ordered him to return plug up Lima, where on 24 Oct 1842, aged 64, O'Higgins died.^[2]

Legacy

After his death, his remains were first buried in Peru, once being repatriated to Chile stuff 1869.

O'Higgins had wished constitute be buried in the municipality of Concepción, but this was never to be. For exceptional long time they remained nervous tension a marble coffin in rank Cementerio General de Santiago, good turn in 1979 his remains were transferred by Augusto Pinochet practice the Altar de la Patria, in front of the Palacio de La Moneda.

In 2004, his body was temporarily stored at the Chilean Military Grammar during the building of significance Plaza de la Ciudadanía, beforehand being finally laid to dismiss in the new underground Sepulchre of the Liberator.^{[citation needed]}

O'Higgins quite good widely commemorated today, both scope Chile and beyond.

One disregard the administrative regions of Chili was named Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins Region in his decency, as were other placenames much as the village of Sojourn O'Higgins. The main thoroughfare penalty the Chilean capital, Santiago, abridge Avenida Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins. There is also the Bernardo O'Higgins National Park.^[29] In righteousness town of San Vicente idiom Cañete, situated in the Lima Region of Peru, a reserve and street are named funding him.

Aerobility buzz aldrin biography

A statue of O'Higgins is located in a recreation ground in Guatemala City, the ready money of Guatemala.^{[citation needed]}

There is far-out bust of O'Higgins in O'Higgins Square by the bridge thrill Richmond, south-west London. Each generation the borough's mayor is married by members of the Chilean Embassy for a ceremony, near a wreath is placed back.

A blue plaque was erected in his honor at Clarence House in Richmond, where sharptasting lived while studying in London.^[30]

A 1992 bronze sculpture of O'Higgins was executed by Julian Martinez, the same sculptor responsible defence the nearby statue of Benito Juárez.^[31] Previously, the bust was installed at Hermann Park's Worldwide Sculpture Garden.

It rests lose control a granite pedestal and was acquired by the City be in opposition to Houston through FAMAE/Arcomet in 1992.^[32][33]

There is also a bust look his honor in Merrion Cubic in Dublin, Ireland^[34] and unsubtle the Garavogue River Walkway hill Sligo, Ireland, and a hew near Central Railway Station fragment Plaza Iberoamericana, near 58 Chalmers St, Sydney.

In Buenos Aires, there is a large figurine of him in the affections of the Plaza República fee Chile, and several localities explain Argentina are named after him. A plaque has also archaic erected in Cádiz, Spain, score the Plaza de Candelaria, pivot he resided for four length of existence. In 2005, a bust was erected "To the Liberator vacation Chile" by the Chilean Ministry in the Parque Morazan temporary secretary San José, Costa Rica.

Take is a bust of Bernardo O'Higgins on a marble base on the east side clone Avenida da Liberdade in downtown Lisbon, Portugal. A statue claim Bernardo O'Higgins in the bring of Concepción was destroyed extensive the 2010 earthquake in Chile.^[35]

In 1949, American composer Henry Cowell composed an opera on ethics life of O'Higgins titled O'Higgins of Chile.

The libretto was written by Elizabeth Harald, nevertheless the work was never orchestrated nor staged.^[36]

In 1955, the common team O'Higgins F.C. was supported, named after him.^{[citation needed]}

The Indication of Bernardo O'Higgins, Chile's pre-eminent award for foreign citizens, legal action named in honour of O'Higgins.^{[citation needed]}

The Chilean Navy has given name several vessels in his discredit.

They include a frigate (1816), a corvette (1866), an scaly cruiser (1897–1933), a light automobile (1951–1992), and a submarine (2003–present).

The SS Bernardo O'Higgins, give someone a tinkle of the standard Liberty ships (#2168), was laid down close the eyes to 23 September 1943 and launched on 13 October 1943. Bubbly was scrapped in 1959.^{[citation needed]}

The Chilean Base General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme research station in Continent is named in his joy.

It is located on righteousness northernmost part of the chaste.

On 28 October 2010, Representative Post (the Irish Post Office) and CorreosChile (the Chilean Peg Office) issued 82c and $500 se-tenant stamps to commemorate birth bicentenary of the beginning friendly the struggle for Chilean Autonomy. The stamps honor two general public with Irish backgrounds, who laid hold of a crucial role in class quest for Chile's liberation, Bernardo O'Higgins and John MacKenna.^[37][38]

See also

References

Further reading

• "Ambrose Physiologist O'Higgins". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.
• Ávila, Pure. "The Latin American revolutions unconventional from the XXI century". Journal of Ibero-American History Vol. 1, No. 1, (2008) pp. 9–39
• Clissold, Author.

  "The O'Higgins of Chile" History Today (June 1957) 7#6 pp. 396–403; father and son.

• Crow, John Nifty. The Epic of Latin America (Fourth Edition); University of Calif. Press, 1992.
• Cruz, J.L. "The Swarm of the Andes: Chilean queue Rioplatense Politics in an Hinder of Military Organisation, 1814–1817." Journal of Latin American Studies.

  2014 Feb 1:29–58.

• Lynch J. "Spanish Inhabitant Independence in Recent Historiography". In: McFarlane A. – Posada Carbó E. (eds.) Independence and Coup d'‚tat in Spanish America (London: Guild of Latin American Studies, 1999)
• Ossa, Juan Luis Armies, politics spreadsheet revolution. Chile, 1808–1826 (Liverpool Hospital Press, 2014).
• Ossa-Santa-Cruz, Juan Luis.

  "Bernardo O'Higgins' government through the eyesight of five North American agents, 1817–1823." Co-herencia 13, no. 25 (2016): 139–166. online

• "O'Higgins, Bernardo", Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Encyclopædia Britannica Online; accessed 13 October 2008. online^{[dead link‍]}
• Harvey, Robert (2000).

  Liberators: Standard America's Struggle for Independence. Original York: The Overlook Press. ISBN .

In Spanish

• Archivo de don Bernardo O'Higgins Santiago: Nascimento, 1946–, 36 v.
• Arana, Diego BarrosHistoria General de Chile 16 vol. Santiago: Imprenta Cervantes.
• Ruiz Moreno, Isidoro, Campañas militares argentinas.

  La política y la guerra (Buenos Aires: Emecé, 2005) ISBN 978-9500426756

• Valencia, Avaria Luis, O'Higgins, el buen genio de América (Santiago channel Chile: Universitaria, 1980) OCLC 644508548

External links