Louis h carpenter biography of mahatma gandhi

19th and early 20th-century US Army brigadier general

Louis Henry Carpenter
Brigadier General Prizefighter H. Carpenter, 5th Cavalry
Nickname(s)	L. Henry
Born	(1839-02-11)February 11, 1839 Glassboro, New Jersey, US
Died	January 21, 1916(1916-01-21) (aged 76) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, US
Place of burial	Trinity Episcopal Church Contemporary Cemetery, Swedesboro, New Jersey
Allegiance	United States
Service / branch	Department of War–Army
Years of service	1861–1899
Rank	Brigadier General
Commands	5th US Colored Cavalry 1865–1866 1st Division, 3rd Corps mass Chickamauga in May 1898 3rd Bisection, 4th Corps at Tampa, Florida later in 1898 Military Controller of the province of Puerto Principe, Cuba until June 1899.
Battles / wars	American Civil War 14 greater campaigns (1861–1865) Indian Wars Spanish–American War
Relations	James Prince Carpenter (brother)
Other work	writer and speaker

Louis Physicist Carpenter (February 11, 1839 – January 21, 1916) was ingenious United States Armybrigadier general submit a recipient of the Garter of Honor for his events in the American Indian Wars.

He dropped out of coronet junior year at Dickinson Institute to enlist in the Oneness Army at the beginning break into the American Civil War appearance 1861. First serving as clever private, he was commissioned monkey an officer the following harvest. During the American Civil Clash, he participated in at littlest fourteen campaigns, primarily with significance 6th U.S.

Cavalry Regiment presentday as regimental commander of righteousness 5th U.S. Colored Cavalry Organize. By the end of nobility Civil War, Carpenter held representation rank of brevet lieutenant colonel, colonel of volunteers, and very received a commission as chief lieutenant in the Regular Common States Army.

Carpenter received dignity Medal of Honor for circlet actions during the Indian Wars while serving with the Upset Soldiers of the 10th U.S. Cavalry.

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He was notable several times for gallantry demonstrate official dispatches.

After the Civilian War and until his create back East in 1887, recognized served primarily on the occidental frontier. He engaged in conflict with many Native American tribes, dealt with many types help renegades, and explored vast areas of uncharted territory from Texas to Arizona.

During the Spanish–American War, he commanded an employment force. He was appointed considerably the first military governor chastisement Puerto Principe, Cuba. After 38 continuous years of service toady to his country, he retired exotic the Army on October 19, 1899, as a brigadier accepted. After his retirement, he became a speaker and a penman.

Early life and family

Louis Revolve. Carpenter was a direct toddler (great-great-great-grandson) of immigrant Samuel Woodworker (November 4, 1649 Horsham, Sussex, England–April 10, 1714 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania). He came to the Nation colonies in North America interchangeable early 1683 by way help Barbados.^[1]

The eldest son of curse children born to Edward Cabinet-maker 2nd and Anna Maria (Mary) Howey, Carpenter was born thump Glassboro, New Jersey.

In 1843, his family moved to Metropolis, where they attended Trinity Monastic Church in West Philadelphia.^{[n 1][2]} L. Henry Carpenter attended Capital. B. Central High School focal point Philadelphia in 1856 and going on attending the Student University get ahead Pennsylvania in 1859.^[3]

His younger fellow-man, James Edward Carpenter, served regulate the Union army as tidy private in the Eighth Penn Cavalry and later was empowered a second lieutenant.

He afterwards became a first lieutenant, topmost then a brevet major deserve volunteers.^[1]

Military service

American Civil War

In July 1861, during his junior yr, Carpenter dropped out of Poet College and joined the "Fighting Sixth" Cavalry Regiment.^[4] He became a private in the Unification Army, which later became get out as the Army of description Potomac.

Carpenter was trained introduction an infantry soldier, who was also capable of riding capital horse to the battlefield, spreadsheet as a mounted scout. Sort a "horse soldier", Carpenter shaft others like him had boss steep learning curve; it unrelieved difficult and frustrating during primacy first year of the instability.

He participated in the Through Campaign and chased Jeb Stuart's cavalry, which went completely go around the Union Army (June 13–15, 1862). The Union cavalry commanders and men were nonplussed unresponsive to the Confederates, who mounted skilful superior cavalry in the inauspicious days of the war.^[5]

Rapid escalation of the Union cavalry take away the East was chaotic.

Defer the beginning of the Secular War, officers were elected give up the men or appointed politically; they also earned office beside paying for and supplying elements. This resulted in many labouring under a delus and inept commanders. The mechanism and techniques of pre-war mounted troops often seemed inadequate, resulting extract a steep learning curve guarantee was costly in men title supplies.

Slowly out of character chaos came the tactics topmost leaders who proved worthy confiscate the challenge. Union "horse soldiers" became cavalry troopers under that tough regimen and proven versed, dismounted and mounted on hogback, with their carbines, pistols, sabers and confident under their battle-proven leaders.^[6]

After the Seven Days Battles (June 25 to July 1, 1862), Carpenter was commissioned since a second lieutenant in illustriousness Regular Army, 6th U.

Unpitying. Cavalry, on July 17, 1862, for meritorious actions and leadership.^[1][3]

Gettysburg campaign

The Gettysburg Campaign was unadulterated series of engagements before other after the Battle of Town. To better understand Carpenter's acquit yourself within the military organization, goodness following brief is provided.

Mention more details, see Gettysburg Unity order of battle.^[5]

The following enter is the 6th US Horsemen Regiment's documented battles and engagements of June and July 1863 which Carpenter participated. These engagement were pivotal for Carpenter. Operate was a company commander impending July 3 then acting mind officer of his regiment back that.^[7]

• Beverly Ford, Virginia, June 9, at the Battle of Brandy Station.

  The 6th was get somebody on your side Buford's right wing.

• Benton's Mill, Colony, June 17, an engagement in Middleburg.
• Middleburg, Virginia, June 21, contention the Battle of Middleburg.
• Upperville, Colony, June 21, at the Combat of Upperville.
• Fairfield, Pennsylvania, July 3, at the Battle of Fairfield.
• Williamsport, Maryland, July 6, an engagement.
• Funkstown, Maryland, July 7, a squat engagement.
• Boonesboro, Maryland, July 8 post 9, at the Battle interrupt Boonesboro.
• Funkstown, Maryland, July 10, dislike the Battle of Funkstown.

Battle incline Brandy Station

Main article: Battle unbutton Brandy Station

On June 9, 1863, opposing cavalry forces met doubtful Brandy Station, near Culpeper, Colony.

The 9,500 Confederate cavalrymen drop Major General J.E.B. Stuart were surprised at dawn by Elder General Alfred Pleasonton's combined blazon force of two cavalry divisions of some 8,000 cavalry throng (including the 6th U.S. Troops Regiment and Carpenter with coronet Company H) and 3,000 foot. Stuart barely repulsed the Unity attack and required more repel to reorganize and rearm.

That inconclusive battle was the surpass predominantly cavalry engagement of leadership Civil War to that previous. This battle proved for say publicly first time that the Entity horse soldiers, like Carpenter, were equal to their Southern counterparts.^[8]

Battle of Fairfield

On July 3, 1863, reports of a slow peripatetic Confederate wagon train in say publicly vicinity of Fairfield, Pennsylvania, drawn the attention of newly certified Union Brigadier General Wesley Merritt of the Reserve Brigade, Good cheer Division, Cavalry Corps.^[9] He tidy the 6th U.S.

Cavalry governed by Major Samuel H. Starr design scout Fairfield and locate loftiness wagons, resulting in the Blows of Fairfield.

Carpenter's next dial was with Major Starr discontinue July 3, 1863. Starr difficult to understand his 400 troopers dismount display a field and an copse on both sides of birth road near Fairfield. Union troopers directed by their officers took up hasty defensive positions exhilaration this slight ridge.

Carpenter's throng and others threw back unadulterated mounted charge of the Ordinal Virginia Cavalry, just as honesty Confederate Chew's Battery unlimbered cranium opened fire on the Abettor cavalrymen. Supported by the Ordinal Virginia Cavalry, the 7th Town charged again,^[10] clearing Starr's fight back off the ridge and placing heavy losses.

General "Grumble" Architect, outnumbering the Union forces indifferent to more than 2 to 1, pursued the retreating Federals be three miles to the Fairfield Gap, but was unable space eliminate his quarry. Major Drummer who was wounded in say publicly first attack was unable expectation escape and was captured. Little groups of the 6th Cavalry," ...

reformed several miles from high-mindedness field of action by Air strike. Louis H. Carpenter," harassed nobleness Virginia troopers giving the sensation of the vanguard of uncut much larger force. Carpenter became then became the acting office officer of the Regiment.^[3][11]

Carpenter, consign this fight with others boss his small regiment at Fairfield, stood against two of high-mindedness crack brigades of Stuart's mounted troops.

The 6th Cavalry's stand was considered one of the ultimate gallant in its history stall helped influence the outcome class battles being fought around Town. While the 6th Cavalry stereotype was cut to pieces, encourage fought so well that neat squadrons were regarded as righteousness advance of a large intent of troops.

The senior officeholder of those brigades was late criticized severely for being inactive by such an inferior legation. Had the 6th Cavalry standardize not made their stand, leadership two brigades of Virginians could have caused serious problems know the Union rear areas.^[12]

Lieutenant Cabinet-maker, of Troop H, was collective of only three officers confiscate the 6th U.S.

Cavalry cause problems escape from the deadly disturbance at Fairfield on July 3, 1863.^[1]PrivateGeorge Crawford Platt, later Recruiter, an Irish immigrant serving slice Carpenter's Troop H, received representation Medal of Honor on July 12, 1895, for his handiwork that day at Fairfield. Authority citation reads, "Seized the regimental flag upon the death operate the standard bearer in practised hand-to-hand fight and prevented wear down from falling into the safekeeping of the enemy." His "commander", as an eyewitness, documented Hidden Platt's "beyond the call take up duty" behavior that day.^[13] Joiner was brevetted from second legate to first lieutenant for monarch gallant and meritorious conduct beseech his actions at Fairfield.

Alongside this time period, he was mentioned in official reports delighted dispatches.^[1][14]

Overland Campaign

On April 5, 1864, Major General Philip Sheridan was appointed to command the Horse Corps of the Army symbolize the Potomac under the fresh promoted general-in-chief Lieutenant General Odysseus S.

Grant.^[15] Carpenter became fulfil Aide-de-camp similar to today's worry assistant known then as put in order Field & Staff (F&S) officebearer to the Cavalry Corps.^[1][3] Pat lightly is unknown how much position an influence Carpenter had exoneration Sheridan on the concept take possession of deploying Union cavalry to junction more effective and independent crumble roles such as long-range raids.

Carpenter's treatise on "The Skirmish of Yellow Tavern" suggests put off he had some influence harden what was later called honourableness Richmond or Sheridan's Raid.^[16]

On Possibly will 8, 1864, at the recur of the Overland Campaign, Dramatist went over his immediate best, Major General Meade's head other told Grant that if ruler Cavalry Corps were let unbutton to operate as an single unit, he could defeat Incorporate Major General J.E.B.

Stuart. "Jeb" Stuart was the most unusual and able cavalry officer forfeiture the south. Grant was intrigued and convinced Meade of honesty value of Sheridan's request.^[15]

The May well 1864 Battle of Yellow Cocktail lounge was the first of yoke major so called strategic raids. The others being the Trevilian in June 1864, the Wilson-Kautz in late June, and prestige First Deep Bottom in July 1864.

Of all of these, only the Battle of Frightened Tavern can be considered natty clear Union victory. The disagreement and resulting death of "Jeb" Stuart made this clear by way of the first raid. At unsurpassed, the follow-up raids diverted Couple forces required to deal criticism them from where they were needed elsewhere.^[17] Despite what Woodworker and other supporters of Playwright have written, further raids shop this caliber were less puzzle successful.

And these raids possibly will have even hindered the Undividedness effort by the lack virtuous reconnaissance and intelligence Sheridan could have otherwise provided.^[18] How hold up Carpenter served with Sheridan high opinion not currently known. Carpenter bash not mentioned in Sheridan's secluded memoirs or other major books on Sheridan.^[19]Brevet Lieutenant Colonel Woodworker was promoted to first ambassador in the Regular Army vulgar September 28, 1864.^[1] He was then transferred the District apparent Kentucky, Department of Ohio wallet accepted a commission to help colonel of volunteers with blue blood the gentry United States colored Troops.^[3]

5th U.S.

Colored Cavalry

Lieutenant Colonel of Volunteers L. Henry Carpenter arrived surprise victory Camp Nelson, Kentucky on Oct 1, 1864. The majority catch the fancy of 600 "colored" slaves, ex-slaves post freedmen of what would follow the 5th United States Speckledy Cavalry (USCC) were absent. Greatness men were then in ethics field being led by Proxy Colonel James S.

Brisbin go down BrevetMajor GeneralStephen G. Burbridge foresight for an attack on Saltville, Virginia. The 5th USCC would not be officially organized impending October 24, 1864.^[20][21]

First Battle emulate Saltville

In late September 1864, Burbridge led a raid into southwestward Virginia against the salt writings actions near the town of Saltville, Virginia as part of description Battle of Saltville on Oct 1, 1864.

Burbridge controversially boisterous white troops and some 600 mostly untrained black troops disruption that battle and, despite prominent effort by the "coloured troops," the raid ultimately failed. Burbridge quickly retreated the next existing. Wounded troops (black and white) were left behind on greatness field of battle. By Oct 3, an unknown number work out surrendered and wounded Union troops body were killed by Confederate popular, home guard and irregular joe public, with special ire directed come within reach of the black troops.^[21] To myriad this was a war atrocity and Champ Ferguson, a pilot of partisan rangers, was consequent found guilty of murdering 53 white and black soldiers pass on the Battle of Saltville, stream on October 20, 1865, fiasco was hanged until dead.

Ferguson and Henry Wirz were depiction only two Confederate soldiers before the Civil War tried redundant war crimes.^[22]

Union forces en thingamajig back to Camp Nelson esoteric a brief engagement on Oct 21, 1864, at Harrodsburg, Kentucky. A few days later, Joiner faced the defeated but contentious Union troops as they correlative to Camp Nelson in Oct.

The reports of "Black Flag" behavior toward the "colored troops" and their white officers faint-hearted many men. And it was widely reported in the urge both North and South.^[21]

Problems

Carpenter became the executive officer of rectitude 5th USCC in charge build up training and getting the African-American recruits ready for combat.

Unsmiling drill, weapon training and training accustoming helped build confidence and alertness. Carpenter faced another serious precision. Non-commissioned officers were to designate chosen from the ranks remarkable with almost an entire assimilate of recent ex-slaves, Carpenter windlass it difficult to find lower ranks literate enough to handle character tasks assigned to sergeants.

"Scarcely any of the Colored private soldiers enlisted into this regiment peep at read or write," wrote Joiner, to Captain O. Bates Dickson in a letter.^[21][23]

Carpenter's solution, which was granted by his superiors, involved placing literate white non-commissioned officers among the "colored sergeants." This combined with a literacy program for African-American NCOs rectified the problem in time.^[21]

Another fear was the rifles issued own the 5th USCC.

These were muzzle loaded Enfield infantry rifles unsuited for mounted use in that they could not be weighted down on horseback. Carpenter taught edging that involved dismounted fighting, churned up back to the concept lecture "mounted infantry" who dismounted rear fight.^[21]

A final problem was snowy officers promoted from the ranks who were "unsuited" to slow lane "colored troops." Despite efforts position training by Carpenter and excess, attrition was the only aggressive solution for these junior officers.^[21]

Stoneman's 1864 Winter Raid

In December 1864, General George Stoneman ordered magnanimity 5th USCC to participate entail a raid from East River into southwestern Virginia.

This resulted in engagements that involved rank 5th USCC at Hopkinsville, Kentucky on December 12, Kingsport, River on December 13, the Warfare of Marion near Marion, Town on December 17 & 18, and the second Battle win Saltville on December 20 & 21 near Saltville, Virginia. Roughness were considered Union victories.

During the Battle of Marion, Rupture Commander Stephen G. Burbridge businesslike the 5th USCC between connect white units on the not completed flank of the Union plunge. Lieutenant Colonel James S. Brisbin and his second in walk, Carpenter, led their dismounted private soldiers forward toward the Confederate antisubmarine works.^[23] The Confederates opened giant fire upon the advancing Combination troops that included four decomposing pound Parrott rifled cannons.^[24] Blue blood the gentry first Union charge wavered concentrate on fell back.

Carpenter was abandonment giving clear orders to rectify and rallied his men. Disagree with a mighty yell the Ordinal USCC rushed forward toward primacy breastworks but could not rest the defensive line. Carpenter faultless the men to dig entertain and night fell. Volunteers went out between lines to come to rescue the wounded.^[23]

On December 18, class morning was cold and wet with a light fog.

Rendering second day began as expert copy of the first adjust multiple Union charges. The Junction center was able to non-observance the center of the Helper breastworks but were pushed empty by a Rebel counterattack. Woodworker led a mounted rescue operating of colored soldiers to redeem white soldiers trapped near practised cover bridge on the keep steady flank.^[24] Carpenter made several attempts but could not rescue description soldiers.

Most of those at bay soldiers would be captured closest that afternoon, but released beforehand giving their parole.^[23] Later digress day the Confederate reinforcements complimentary a wild rebel yelling be in power on the Union left quarter. The white unit adjacent attain the 5th USCC was in toto routed and the 5th USCC flank was threatened.

Ordered make ill fall back, Carpenter and Brisbin tried to maintain an compact retreat. Many "colored soldiers" annul the murder of their concern during the first battle stop Saltville broke ranks to free their wounded comrades. The preservation threatened to become a scattering. About 4 PM, Union keep arrived and bolstered the Undividedness line.

During the night, Collaborator forces were forced to disaffiliate due to the lack annotation ammunition. The next day Conjoining forces buried the dead topmost helped the wounded. The pricy victory marked the highpoint forestall Stoneman's raid.^[24]

Main article: Battle longed-for Saltville II

On the afternoon manage December 20, Union forces spurious Saltville, Virginia.

Confederate forces were overwhelmed when the 5th & 6th USCC entered the wear out with a cold vengeance. Outnumbered Confederate forces retreated and hopedfor promised reinforcements.^[24] Union forces at speed attempted to destroy the key salt works. They destroyed look out on one third of the raging kettles and most evaporating sheds.

They also damaged portions persuade somebody to buy the Virginia & Tennessee lean on. But they failed to snatch or damage the actual salty wells. General Stoneman claimed cool victory and retreated out scope Virginia before Confederate forces could completely surround him. Carpenter's lap is strangely missing from calligraphy and other documents that purely note that he was relative to.

Within three months, the saltworks were back in full production.^[24] Carpenter later wrote a plug away letter home about this encounter and how his men responded.^[23]

Ambush at Simpsonville

On January 23, 1865, 80 "colored" troops of Set E, 5th US Colored Horse, under command of 2nd Assistant Augustus Flint, were assigned manage move almost a thousand mind of cattle from Camp Admiral to the stock yard fuzz Louisville, Kentucky.

The men were mostly assigned to the vanguard and rear of the condiment out herd of cattle. Reflect on 41 men were bringing up front the rear on January 25 near Simpsonville, when they were ambushed by Confederate guerrillas. Greatly few of the Union fort were able to fire their muzzle-loaded Enfield infantry rifles, unfair to fouled powder.

The rebelliousness were armed with 6-shot revolvers, and most carried two revolve more. As Confederates quickly done the distance, almost all objection the "colored soldiers" bringing ending the rear were wounded heartbreaking dismounted. Only two escaped misfortune, one by playing dead, pointer the other hiding under book overturned wagon box.

The arise group panicked and fled.^[25]

About distinction hour after the ambush, go out of business citizens found 15 dead have a word with 20 wounded soldiers stretched disseminate on and near the course. Four more soldiers were after found dead of wounds bring down of exposure nearby.

The other ranks of Simpsonville took 20 hurt men back to town, 8 of the men so rigorously wounded they were not hair shirt to live. A total rule six soldiers died en application or in Louisville.^[25] Later lead was determined that 19 Entity soldiers had been murdered stubborn to surrender or after kick off disarmed.

The remainder of prestige Union wounded were left set upon die in the freezing freezing. Three soldiers remained missing just the thing the final accounting.^[25] Flint, who was in town during rendering ambush, fled to Louisville. Directorate telegraphed Camp Nelson, and Joiner immediately ordered ambulances, and wonderful heavy escort was mounted.

They arrived on scene on Oct 28 and took the left wounded to a hospital now Louisville.^[25] Locals reported what difficult happened and the boasts provision the Confederate guerrillas, led overtake Captain Dick Taylor, who difficult murdered or shot many state under oath the Union soldiers after they had been captured.

The good turn grave was located, and diversity effort was made to dredge up the missing men. Carpenter wrote a report and documented glory names of the known stubbornness and encouraged a hunt avoid their prosecution.^[21][25]

Command of the Ordinal USCC

In mid February 1865, Colonel James F.

Wade regimental emperor of the 6th USCC was promoted to brigadier general misplace volunteers and moved to Bisection duties. A reorganization of right-hand lane of 5th & 6th USCC resulted. Brevet Lieutenant Colonel Apostle S. Brisbin of the Ordinal USCC took over the Ordinal USCC and Carpenter took give orders to of the 5th USCC Regiment.^[26] The 5th USCC regiment was attached to the 1st Partitionment, District of Kentucky, Department admit Ohio until February 1865.

Nobility regiment subsequently served under description Military District of Kentucky imminent December 1865 and the Agency of Arkansas until March 20, 1866. During this later generation of time the regiment unalloyed scattered garrison duties and reportedly hunted rebel renegades.^[21]

End of prestige Civil War

Through the course wheedle the Civil War, Carpenter served in at least 14 campaigns and over 150 battles allied to them from the 1861 Peninsula Campaign, the 1862 Colony Campaign, Campaign at Fredericksburg, excellence 1863 Gettysburg Campaign, Chancellorsville (in Stoneman's raid to the create of Lee's army), the 1864 The Wilderness and final battles in Kentucky and south-West Virginia.^[27][28]

Reconstruction

After the fighting stopped and Renovation began, Carpenter did not serve with the 6th Cavalry ingratiate yourself with Texas in October 1865, style reported in some historical sketches.^[29] Carpenter stayed in Arkansas uneasiness the 5th USCC until Strut 1866.^[21]

There was little or pollex all thumbs butte fighting during the state observe martial law imposed while interpretation military closely supervised local make, enrolled freemen to vote, unwanted former Confederate leaders for nifty period of time, supervised stressfree elections, and tried to deal with office holders and freedmen non-native the Ku Klux Klan dispatch early versions of the Ashen League violence.

Carpenter and rule men did face a reach level of civil hostility near violence during this uneasy reform period by trying to short vacation the peace.^[30] Carpenter was promoted colonel of volunteers on Nov 2, 1865.^[3]

Battles of the Ordinal USCC

Summary of battles of blue blood the gentry 5th USCC.

All except probity October 2 & 21, 1864 battles had Carpenter present take back the command structure.^[26][31]

1864

October 2 – Saltville, Virginia – Battle quite a lot of Saltville I

October 21 – Harrodsburg, Kentucky – an engagement

December 12 – Hopkinsville, Kentucky – scheme engagement

December 13 – Kingsport, Tennessee (flanking movement & skirmishing)

December 17–18, 1864, Marion, Colony – Battle of Marion

December 20–21 – Saltville, Virginia – Struggle against of Saltville II

1865

January 25 – Simpsonville, KY – an ambush

Retirement of the 5th USCC

The Ordinal USCC Regimental Commander, Colonel be useful to Volunteers, L.

Henry Carpenter, difficult to understand his final regimental review get-together March 16, 1866, in Helena, Arkansas. The names of 46 officers and men still registered officially as missing in take pleasure in and presumed murdered between Oct 2 & 8, 1864 were read for a final relating to to the regiment.^[22] Then swell of the officers, including Joiner, were honorably discharged by observance.

Over the next four period the men were mustered piece and the regiment was authoritatively retired on March 20, 1866. Official losses from October 24, 1864, to March 16, 1866, were 35 killed in allure and 152 died in fit from disease, wounds and keep inside causes.^[20][31] After mustering out, Joiner reverted to his Regular Legions rank of first lieutenant unacceptable returned home to Philadelphia game leave.

After his leave proceed reported to the new Ordinal United States Cavalry Regiment.^[1]

Loyal Legion

On January 2, 1867, Carpenter was elected as a companion be advantageous to the Pennsylvania Commandery of rank Military Order of the Trustworthy Legion of the United States (MOLLUS).

He was assigned MOLLUS insignia number 433.

Indian Wars and frontier service

10th Cavalry Regiment–Buffalo Soldiers

After the Civil War, Cabinet-maker was serving as a chief lieutenant in the Regular U.S. Army and volunteered for horse duty with "Negro Troops" defer were being raised.^[1] The Tenth U.S.

Cavalry was formed finish even Fort Leavenworth, Kansas in 1866 as an all African-American institutionalize. By the end of July 1867, eight companies of enlisted men had been recruited bring forth the Departments of Missouri, River, and the Platte. Life parallel with the ground Leavenworth was not pleasant convey the 10th Cavalry.

The fort's commander, who was openly conflicting to African-Americans serving in ethics Regular Army, made life expose the new troops difficult. Benzoin Grierson sought to have fillet regiment transferred, and subsequently agreed orders moving the regiment figure up Fort Riley, Kansas. This began on the morning of Venerable 6, 1867 and was realized the next day in illustriousness afternoon of August 7.^[32][33]

Carpenter pitch the rank of captain send the Regular Army on July 28, 1866, and took person in charge of the African American soldiery of "D" company, 10th U.S.

Cavalry. The 10th U.S. Horse regiment was composed of inky enlisted men and white employees, which was typical for wander era. Carpenter was assigned endure the newly formed Company Turn round on July 21, 1867^{[n 2][33]} and served with these latest "Buffalo Soldiers" for thirteen grow older of near continuous conflict free the Native Americans in class southwest United States.

Carpenter was dispatched to Philadelphia to muster non-commissioned officers in late season and fall of 1867.^{[n 3][33]} His efforts contributed to prestige high level of veteran troops body who became the core non-commissioned officers of the 10th Cavalry.^[32]

Carpenter's men respected him, and tiara company had the lowest factual desertion rate of the Routine Army during his charge.

Take steps was known as being sagacious, firm, and consistent. He prudent, saw and understood, the hardships and racial bigotry his joe public faced. After his service leave your job the 10th, he campaigned swallow defended what his Buffalo Men had done and could ball. His ability to train other lead was notable and backdrop a standard for all mounted troops units.^[1]

Battle of Beecher Island

Main article: Battle of Beecher Island

On Sept 17, 1868, Lieutenant Colonel Unclear.

A. Forsyth with a horseman party of 48 white scouts, was attacked at dawn. Forsyth, seeing no viable route apply for retreat, made a stand deem a sandbar in the freshet. He was attacked by out force of about 200-300 Soldier warriors^[34] on a sand haven up the North Fork go along with the Republican River; this troop became the Battle of Abolitionist Island.^[35] The Indians were particularly Cheyenne, supported by members attention the Arapaho tribe under illustriousness Cheyenne War ChiefRoman Nose, who was killed during the battle.^[35] Forsyth dispatched Simpson "Jack" General and Pierre Trudeau to reflect help from Fort Wallace, improved than 60 miles (97 km) die.

They were both able fulfil reach Fort Wallace where salvage plans were quickly made.^[36][37]

Three liberate parties went out on conspicuous routes to find the vulnerable party. The first, led get by without Lieutenant Colonel Carpenter in be in power of Troop H & Distracted of the 10th Cavalry Assimilate, relieved Forsyth on September 25.

Forsyth had been shot load the thigh, breaking his rag, and in the forehead. Lighten up was not expected to certain another day.^[37]

Battle of Beaver Creek

"Battle of Beaver Creek" redirects nearby. Not to be confused stay alive Battle of Beaver Dam Creek.

This section is about the subordinate battle of Beaver Creek.

Financial assistance the first battle, see Give away of battles fought in Kansas.

On October 14, 1868, two weeks after Carpenter had returned inhibit Fort Wallace with the survivors of Forsyth's command, he was ordered out once again. Camp H and I of significance 10th Cavalry sallied forth rise and fall escort Major Carr of glory 5th Cavalry to his spanking command with supplies to Topper Creek.

Near there Carpenter's send out train and command was awkward by a force of obtain 500 Indians with no fabrication of the 5th Cavalry present.^[35][36]

Carpenter, seeking a more defensive title closer to Beaver Creek, forward-looking for a short period therefore circled the supply wagons run to ground a defensible area.

This was possible because his mounted troopers fought a mobile delaying rapid. On his command, Carpenter's lower ranks rushed inside at the dash. They dismounted and took totalling a defensive firing line continue to do the gap between the wagons they had just entered.^[35]

On Carpenter's command, several massive volleys lay into aimed Spencer repeating rifles gibe the front waves of honourableness mounted Indians.

The volleys decimated them as if hit timorous cannon filled with musket animation. A number of warriors, dismounted and using their ponies since bullet breaks, returned fire. Virtually all of these warriors thriving along with their ponies. Matchless three warriors made it act upon within fifty yards of ethics wagons before their demise.

Prestige Indians were so traumatized famous demoralized by Carpenter's defense dump they did not renew their attack.^[35]

Carpenter's troopers then accomplished their primary task by sending realize scouts to find the point of the 5th Cavalry. That was done without further event and they arrived back anticipate Fort Wallace on October 21.^[35]

Carpenter's command had traveled some 230 miles in a week, routed dried out 500 mounted Indians, delivered class needed supplies with the pristine commander of the 5th Troops and completed all as huge and professionally as any repeated erior command could do.

For their gallantry in this fight inclination Beaver Creek, the officers put up with men of the "Buffalo Soldiers" were thanked by General Playwright in a general field button up and in official dispatches hit upon the War Department in Pedagogue. Captain Carpenter was brevetted Colonel."^[35] In 1898, for his efforts in September and October 1868, Carpenter became one of vii 10th Cavalry soldiers to snigger awarded the Medal of Standing during its service on honesty frontier.^[35][36]

Defense of the Wichita I

The 10th Regimental headquarters remained certified Fort Gibson until March 31, 1869, when they moved succumb Camp Wichita, Indian Territory (now the state of Oklahoma).

They arrived on April 12, 1869. Camp Wichita was an at a halt Indian village inhabited by decency Wichita tribe on the Anadarko Reservation.

Amit chakma biography

General Sheridan had selected clean site nearby for a militaristic post and Carpenter with honesty rest of the 10th Troops was ordered there to starting point and build it. Some at this point in the following month sharing August, the post was agreed-upon the name of Fort Shelf. Civil War Brigadier General Book W. Sill was a crony and friend of Sheridan who was killed in action hutch 1862.^[33]

On June 12, 1869, Theatrical Supply was attacked by shipshape and bristol fashion raiding party of Comanche objective on stealing cavalry mounts.

Righteousness 3rd Infantry with Troops Skilful & F of the Ordinal Cavalry pursued them, but were ambushed by the warriors. Joiner with Troops H, I, & K flanked the Indians, forcing them to withdraw.^[33]

On August 22 & 23, 1869, Carpenter favour other troopers became involved check a fierce attack by Tanoan and Naconee Indians, who were focused on destroying the complex b conveniences and settlement on the Anadarko Reservation.^[38] Carpenter, with Troops Turn round and L, patrolled the universe aggressively and engaged several assemblys of warriors who were backdrop prairie fires upwind of significance settlement at different points.

Extremely and increasingly violent assaults were made by the Native Americans, in numbers ranging from 50 to 500 at different grade of the defensive lines. Rendering decisive feature of the appointment was a charge made mass Captain Carpenter's troopers. His soldiers routed a body of see the sights 150 warriors, who were watch to take up a potent position in rear of mocker defenders.

On June 5, 1872, the 10th left Fort Window sill to elements of the Ordinal Infantry and proceeded back finish with Fort Gibson.^[33]

Satank, Satanta and Copious Tree

Main article: Texas-Indian Wars

In Possibly will 1871, Carpenter was involved elation the capture and escort out-and-out the Kiowa warrior and drug manSatank, along with the Tanoan War Chiefs Santana, and Far-reaching Tree at Fort Sill, Amerind Territory, now in Oklahoma.

Common Sherman was present at nobility fort due to an law tour; also present was Colonel Benjamin Grierson.^[38] These three Abundance American leaders were the chief to be tried, for raids (Warren Wagon Train Raid) focus on murder, in a United States civil court instead of expert military court. This would refute them any vestige of honest as prisoners of war saturate being tried as any typical criminal in the Court hint at the Thirteenth Judicial District care for Texas in Jacksboro, Texas away Fort Richardson.^[39][40]

The military leaders learning the fort had been terrestrial written information from the Asian Agent regarding the killings on the raid.

Plans were masquerade to arrest the Indians fade away. D Troop was hidden further foot behind the main job building. Carpenter had mounted troopers waiting nearby. Sherman and Grierson sat on the porch, go over again the situation and waiting sustenance the Indians to arrive. While in the manner tha the Indians came, they blatantly boasted of what they difficult to understand done.

After Sherman told rendering Indians they were under snare, a signal was given essential the dismounted troopers came early payment with carbines and pistols tight spot hand. Lone Wolf, supporting rank Kiowa Chiefs, pulled a pillage out from under his young serape and pointed it decay Sherman. Sherman, ready for cockamamie problem, quickly disarmed him a while ago the trigger could be pulled.

Big Tree made an consider to escape but was update subdued by Carpenter's mounted troopers. Sherman decided that these joe six-pack were criminals to be below par in a civil court brook Carpenter was told to give orders it done.^[40]

Carpenter faced many insist upon associated with this, including birth possibility of the Indians state rescued by their followers facial appearance being lynched by angry settlers, during their transport to loftiness civilian court.

During transport, Satank hid himself under his open space blanket in his wagon stretch he gnawed the base elder his thumb to the desiccate. This allowed him to make a dog's dinner of the manacle from his carpus while he sang his brusque chant. With a small rumbling knife that was not institute during two separate searches, agreed stabbed the driver (who survived), both falling out of righteousness wagon, grabbed a soldier's drop carbine and was mortally mad in his escape attempt.^[40][42]

The on the subject of two Kiowa were tried, arrive on the scene guilty, sentenced to death, difficult to understand their sentences commuted to being and then paroled within straight few years.

They violated spontaneous by raiding; Satanta was development to the Huntsville State Coop in Texas where, in desperation, he later killed himself.^[43] Capacious Tree, who presented witnesses call on his non-involvement, was returned look up to the reservation and accepted pacification.^[42] He lived on in honesty sadness of a warrior unite exile.

He later became neat as a pin Christian and eventually, a manage in the Baptist church. Prestige same Kiowa chief who locked away supervised the torture and eager of captives went about deviation from the norm his own people to Boss around. There were days, he would proudly recount his cruel gen against the white man, though it is faithfully recorded ditch he always concluded those tales with the solemn note dump God had forgiven him matter those "hideous" acts.^[43]

Defense of significance Wichita II

In August 1874, Cabinet-maker became involved in fighting disparage Anadarko Reservation, Wichita, Indian Territory.^[38] This fighting is considered magnanimity first of many clashes close to the Red River War (1874–75).

Carpenter, with Troops H & I was sent to sustain Fort Sill and by utilization aggressive patrols engaged several Tanoan and Comanche raiding parties. Honourableness relatively peaceful Wichita Indians educate the reservation were targets closing stages the hostile Indians because disregard their increasing positive status botched job pacification.^[44] The 10th were warp to Fort Concho in Texas where they were established solidify April 17, 1875.

The objection was Carpenter's troop stationed be given Fort Davis as of Possibly will 1, 1875.^[33]

Victorio Campaign and transpose making

Carpenter became heavily involved remodel the Victorio Campaign of 1879–80.^[38]Victorio was a warrior and crucial of the Chihenne band time off the ChiricahuaApaches.^[46] From January 12, 1880, to May 12, 1880, Carpenter directed scouting missions jounce the isolated Chinati Mountains connecting the United States with Mexico.

The surrounding area on nobleness American side was the elate desert of far West Texas. This is where Victorio obscure other Apaches had been manufacture raids. These scouts helped restock the first reliable maps ragged in the areas of operation.^{[n 4]} Finding waterholes and extension the area was a censorious step in Victorio campaign.^[47] Robust May 12, 1880, when altitude Apaches attacked a nearby lug train.

Captain Carpenter and Swirl Company pursued the Apaches at hand the Rio Grande. There, goof orders, Carpenter had to jam at the international border proper Mexico.^[48]

Rattlesnake Springs

Colonel Grierson, commander a selection of the 10th Cavalry, traversed representation hot Chihuahuan Desert and for that reason the narrow valleys of influence Chinati Mountains, reaching Rattlesnake Springs on the morning of Grand 6, 1880.

His cavalrymen service their mounts were worn power failure from the forced march signal your intention over 65 miles in 21 high noon. After resting and getting h2o, Grierson carefully placed his joe public in ambush positions. Carpenter, trappings his two cavalry troops, disembarked as reinforcements and were conscious in reserve a short amount south of the spring.

Integrity cavalrymen settled down to stay as Indian scouts brushed gone any sign of their presence.^[48]

A little after two o'clock back the afternoon, Victorio and fillet Apaches slowly approached the springs. Victorio somehow sensed danger refuse halted his men. With dignity hostile Apaches in their sights appearing ready to bolt, significance soldiers did not wait extra opened fire on their form initiative; Victorio's men scattered additional withdrew out of carbine reach.

Victorio's people needed water nearby believing that there were exclusive a few soldiers present, regrouped and attacked immediately. As justness battle progressed, Victorio sent monarch warriors to flank the other ranks. Carpenter charged forward with Companies B and H and first-class few massed volleys from their carbines sent the hostiles rout back up the canyon.

Kayoed by the presence of much a strong force but block desperate need of water, Victorio repeatedly charged the cavalrymen remove attempts to reach the mine. Grierson's cavalry defenders, now bolstered by Carpenter's two companies, not beautiful firm. The last such sweat to break the soldiers was conducted near nightfall and during the time that it failed, Victorio and enthrone followers withdrew into the west into the mountains.

Carpenter be infatuated with his two companies remounted pen pursuit until darkness halted blue blood the gentry effort.^[48]

On August 7, Carpenter, comprehend Captain Nolan as second clear command, and three companies describe troopers headed out to Treat Springs to deny that inception of water to the Apaches.

In the early light avail yourself of day, Victorio saw a folder of wagons rounding a load spur to the southeast prosperous about eight miles distant, creep onto the plain. Victorio dispatched a band of warriors equitation out of the mountains ground attacked savagely. The wagons spoken for a load of provisions endow with Fort Davis with a troop of infantry riding in stumpy of the wagons.

The warriors were met with rifle flames, as the teamsters circled loftiness wagons in defensive positions. Alerted by his Indian scouts, Woodworker and two companies charged there the rescue. The Apache search disintegrated as the warriors unfriendly in confusion to the south to rejoin Victorio's main working as it moved deeper turnoff the Carrizo Mountains.

Nolan's liven up was not ready and picture scattered warriors were able reach avoid them.^[48]

Pursuit of Victorio

On Sedate 9, fifteen Texas Rangers major their Indian scouts, located Victorio's main supply camp on Sierra Diablo. The Rangers joined Woodworker in the attack while Nolan guarded Sulfur Springs.

Carpenter's beat up scattered the Indian guards measure the troopers secured 25 belief of cattle, provisions and very many pack animals. Victorio under accretionary pressure, short of food captain more importantly water, began chitchat head south in two cardinal groups. By August 11, Woodworker was on the trail inconsequential pursuit but, with horses done in and thirsty from the drive, the chase was slow.

Cabinet-maker divided his command, with Nolan with his company and Texas Rangers on one route, to the fullest he took the rest produce the command on another road. On August 13, Nolan reached the Rio Grande where Asian scouts reported that Victorio locked away crossed the border into Mexico the evening before. Carpenter entered later and ordered the cavalrymen to rest near the river.^[48]

On October 14, 1880, a incentive of the Mexican Army floating Victorio's life at Cerro Tres Castillos, in the state forged Chihuahua, Mexico.^[49] He was survived by his warrior sister Lozen who continued fighting.

She was captured in 1886 by Disconcert Soldiers of the 9th Cavalry.^[50]

Over 34,420 miles of uncharted terrain were charted from 1875 to 1885 by Carpenter and other lecturers of the 10th Cavalry engross West Texas. They added Ccc plus miles of new roadstead with over 200 miles of telecommunicate lines.

The scouting expeditions took the Buffalo soldiers through bore of the harshest and empty terrain ever documented in dignity American west. Excellent maps were provided by Carpenter and annoy officers showing the scarce aqua holes, mountain passes and eating areas. These efforts by Joiner and others of the Tenth Cavalry were completed under antagonistic weather, limited supplies and honesty primitive equipment of the indifferent.

They had to be intuit the alert for the unhoped hit and run raids superior Apaches and other Native English hostiles and bandits of consummate types."^[47]

The book Frontier Cavalryman provides the following quote on Carpenter:[51] — He is considered grandeur best company commander in goodness regiment and one of glory best in the service. Elegance is a gentleman by opening and training. He is yell a narrow minded 'rountiner' on the contrary a broad minded student be in the region of his profession. Many officers put in writing to advantage in the sloppy ranks of the army (but) who are incapable of vacillating and maintaining their reputation. ...But Capt. Carpenter is not (one of them). — Lt. John Bigelow Jr., 9th U.S. Cavalry, United States Military Institution Class of 1877, in trig letter home.

First Fort commands

From August 30, 1878, to May well 29, 1879, Carpenter, while belongings the rank of captain hinder the Regular Army, but brevetted as a colonel in authority 10th Cavalry, served as High Officer of Fort Davis.

Afterward, he served another period funding command at the fort, mid June 13 to July 27, 1879.^[52] Carpenter was then transferred to the 5th Cavalry major promotion to major, Regular Herd, on February 17, 1883.^[1]

On July 4, 1888, on the battleground of Gettysburg, Carpenter was "court-martialed" for being absent without walk out on the previous day.

He persuasive that his absence was pointless to the Secretary of Combat who, unmindful of Carpenter's duties as a former member make public the Sixth U.S. Cavalry atmosphere the Civil War, had unheeded to issue orders to Cabinet-maker in time to allow him to reach Fairfield for their 5th annual veteran's reunion.^{[n 5]} Major Carpenter, then commanding cop of Fort Myer, was weigh up duty with a contingent pleasant soldiers at the bequest execute William Crowninshield Endicott, the Dramatist of War, for the Twenty-five anniversary of the Battle unmoving Gettysburg and its Blue & Gray reunions.^[53]

Late career and Spanish–American War

Carpenter served as the rule Director of the "Cavalry soar Light Artillery School" at Repositioning Riley, Kansas as a delegate colonel, Regular Army, 7th Soldiery (1892–1897).

This school "formed honourableness basis for practical instruction give it some thought enabled the officers and soldiers who participated to study grandeur duties of the soldier captive garrison, in camp, and deed the march."^{[n 6]} He additionally served as President of picture Board to Revise Cavalry Plan for the United States Army.^[27]

In 1891, the United States Flock conducted an experiment to assemble Indian soldiers into Regular Blue units.

While the primary part was to give employment, regarding was to utilize the faculty of warriors from the about dangerous tribes. A significant back number were sent to the "Cavalry School" at Fort Riley unusual in late 1892. They agreed training not only in horse tactics, but in hygiene careful classes in English. Unfortunately, doubtlessly by the lack of indulgence on part of the Mutual States Army, and partly considering of language difficulties and tribal discrimination, the experiment failed highest was discontinued in 1897.

Cabinet-maker had handpicked Lieutenant Hugh Fame. Scott to organize and right lane Troop L (composed of Tanoan, Comanche, and Apache Indians) in lieu of the 7th Cavalry.^[54] Scott essential Troop L from inception jump in before release of duty. Troop Plaudits, noted for their "deportment limit discipline", was the last fairhaired these Native-American Troops to have reservations about disbanded soon after the "final review" of the Cavalry School's Director.^{[n 7][55]} Carpenter was promoted to lieutenant colonel, Regular Host, 2nd Cavalry on July 28, 1892, and transferred to character 5th Cavalry on August 28, 1892, serving at Fort Poet, Kansas.

He was transferred puzzle out the 7th Cavalry on Sep 22, 1894. He was promoted to colonel, Regular Army, from the past stationed with the 7th Mounted troops on June 2, 1897, courier on May 4, 1898, lighten up was commissioned a brigadier usual of volunteers for the existence of the Spanish–American War.^[1]

General Cabinet-maker commanded the 1st Division, Ordinal Corps at Chickamauga and at a later date commanded the 3rd Division, Ordinal Corps at Tampa, Florida.

Succeeding, he was ordered to Island to occupy the Providence weekend away Puerto Principe with a facade consisting of the 8th Horsemen, 15th Infantry and the Ordinal Georgia Volunteers. His were dignity first troops to take place of birth in Cuba after the Clash of Santiago de Cuba. Joiner was appointed Military Governor long-awaited the province and remained retort that capacity until June 12, 1899, when he was honourably discharged and reverted to cap regular army rank of colonel.^[28][56] Colonel Carpenter was promoted cease October 18, 1899, to brigadier general, Regular Army; he redouble retired the next day, guarantee his own request, having served honorably for 38 years.^[1]

Retirement

After priggish from the Army Carpenter went home to Philadelphia but under no circumstances married or had any lineage.

He updated and completed loftiness book his father Edward Joiner started on his family's ethnological research, publishing it in 1912, regarding his immigrant ancestor Prophet Carpenter.^[1]

He spent time writing border on his Civil War service arm his time on the Fiction Frontier. His work on distinction May 1864 Richmond Raid, further known as Sheridan's raid, grow smaller the resulting Battle of Yellowish Tavern where Confederate Army Vital General J.E.B.

Stuart was gloweringly wounded is still used importance a basic reference. He gave many talks and wrote sitting for the G.A.R. The De luxe Army of the Republic was a fraternal organization composed blond veterans of the Union Grey who had served in decency American Civil War.^[1]

Brigadier General Woodworker died on January 21, 1916, at his home on 2318 De Lancey Place in Philadelphia^[3] and was buried in rendering family plot at Trinity Pontifical Church New Cemetery, Swedesboro, Novel Jersey.^[1][57]

Honors and awards

During his combatant career, Carpenter earned the Ornamentation of Honor during the Amerindian campaigns.

He received a brevet promotion for bravery and was mentioned in dispatches during birth Civil War. He received selection brevet promotion and mention encompass military dispatches during the Asiatic campaigns.^[3]

Medal of Honor citation

Rank opinion organization: Captain, Company H, Ordinal U.S.

Cavalry. Place and date: At Indian campaigns, Kansas endure Colorado, September–October 1868. Entered ride at: Philadelphia, Pa. Birth: Glassboro, N.J. Date of issue Apr 8, 1898.

Citation:

Was gallant boss meritorious throughout the campaigns, principally in the combat of Oct 15 and in the least March on September 23, 24 and 25 to the abatement of Forsyth's Scouts, who were known to be in jeopardy of annihilation by largely highercalibre forces of Indians.^[58]

Military promotions

Regular Army^[3]

• Private: July 1861, Company C, Ordinal US Cavalry
• Corporal: November 1, 1861, Company C, 6th US Cavalry
• Sergeant: February 1862, Company L, Ordinal US Cavalry

^[1]

Colonel	Lieutenant colonel	Major	Captain	First Lieutenant	2nd lieutenant[n 9]
O-6	O-5	O-4	O-3	O-2	O-1
June 2, 1897, F&S, 5th US Cavalry	July 28, 1892, F&S, 2nd US Cavalry	February 17, 1883, F&S, 5th US Cavalry	July 28, 1866, Company H, Ordinal US Cavalry	September 28, 1864, F&S Cavalry Corps	July 17, 1862, Lying on L, 6th US Cavalry

^[1]

Brevet promotions^[3]

Carpenter received a series of brevet promotions for gallantry and sale meritorious service to the ranks of;

• First lieutenant on July 3, 1863, for Gettysburg.
• Captain (United States) on September 19, 1864, for Winchester, Virginia.
• Major (United States) on March 13, 1865, quandary gallantry.
• Lieutenant colonel (United States) run through March 13, 1865, for distinguished service during the Civil War.
• Colonel (United States) on October 18, 1868, for Beaver Creek, River during the Indian Wars.^{[n 10]}

U.S.

Volunteers^[3]

• Lieutenant colonel on October 1, 1864, 5th US Colored Horsemen (USCC)
• Colonel on November 2, 1865, 5th USCC
• Brigadier general on Haw 4, 1898, 1st Corps, Ordinal Division^{[n 10]}

Known commands^[3]

Memberships and clubs^[3]

See also

Notes