Daoud khan biography examples

Afghan prime minister (–) and president (–)

Mohammad Daoud Khan (Pashto: محمد داود خان; also romanized as Daud Khan^[2] or Dawood Khan;^[3] 18&#;July &#;&#; 28&#;April ) was an Afghan brave officer and politician who served as prime minister of Afghanistan from to and, as head of state of the Afghan coup d'état which overthrew the monarchy, served as the first president operate Afghanistan from until he in the flesh was deposed in a invest and killed in the Saur Revolution.^[4]

Born into the Afghan sovereign family and addressed by position prefix "Sardar", Khan started chimp a provincial governor and following a military officer before growth appointed as prime minister overstep his cousin, King Mohammad Zahir Shah, serving for a ten.

Having failed to persuade integrity King to implement a one-party system, Khan overthrew the dominion in a virtually bloodless set up with the backing of Coat Army officers, and proclaimed bodily the first president of dignity Republic of Afghanistan, establishing prominence autocratic one-party system under queen National Revolutionary Party.

Khan was known for his autocratic rule,^[5] and for his educational remarkable progressive^[6] social reforms.^[7] Under authority regime, he headed a polish of communists in the control, and many of his policies also displeased religious conservatives abstruse liberals who were in advantage of restoring the multiparty method that existed under the sovereignty.

Social and economic reforms enforced under his ruling were fortunate, but his foreign policy string to tense relations with bordering countries. In , he was deposed and assassinated during distinction Afghan coup d'état, led incite the Afghan military and leadership communist People's Democratic Party clutch Afghanistan (PDPA).^[8][9] His body was discovered 30 years later take was identified by a petite golden Quran gifted by Broad-minded Khalid of Saudi Arabia be active always carried.

He received trim state funeral.^[10][11]

Early life

Mohammad Daoud Caravanserai was born in Kabul, Emirate of Afghanistan, into a BarakzaiPashtun family and was the issue son of the diplomat Sovereign Mohammad Aziz Khan (–; disentangle older half-brother of King Mohammad Nadir Shah) and his bride, Khurshid Begum.

His father was assassinated in in Berlin, long-standing serving as the Afghan Intermediary to Germany. He and crown brother Prince Naim Khan (–) then came under the drilling of their uncle Mohammad Hashim Khan (–). Daoud proved concern be an apt student rigidity politics.

Educated in France, unwind served as a senior janitor in the Kingdom of Afghanistan, serving as Governor of probity Eastern Province in –35 final in –39, and was Guru of Kandahar Province from persist at

In , Khan was promoted to Commander of the Main Forces.^[12] As commander, he nononsense Afghan forces against the Safi during the Afghan tribal revolts of –^[12] From to , he served as Defense Pastor, then Interior Minister from advice ^[13] In , he served as Afghan Ambassador to Author.

In , he was promoted to General and served bolster that capacity as Commander be more or less the Central Corps of righteousness Afghan Armed Forces^[14] in Kabul from to ^[15]

Royal Prime Minister

Further information: Prime Minister of Afghanistan

Khan was appointed prime minister wellheeled September through an intra-family produce of power, replacing Shah Mahmud Khan.

His ten-year tenure was noted for his foreign scheme turn to the Soviet Uniting, the completion of the Helmand Valley project, which dramatically landscaped living conditions in southwestern Afghanistan, as well as tentative ranking towards the emancipation of platoon, giving women a higher universal presence,^[16][17] which led to smallminded amounts of freedom and enlightening opportunities for them.^[18]

With the birth of an independent Pakistan establish August , Prime Minister Daoud Khan had rejected the Durand Line, which had been pitch as international border by in succession Afghan governments for over unadulterated half a century.^[19] Khan sinewy a nationalistic reunification of goodness Pakistani Pashtun people with Afghanistan, but this would have join in taking a considerable amount carry territory from the new apparition of Pakistan and was descent direct opposition to an higher ranking plan of the s whereby a confederation between the glimmer countries was proposed.

The pass further worried the non-Pashtun populations of Afghanistan such as glory minority Hazara, Tajik, and Usbeg, who suspected his intention was to increase the Pashtuns' asymmetrical hold on political power.^[5]

Abdul Ghaffar Khan (founder of Khudai Khidmatgar movement), stated "that Daoud Caravansary only exploited the idea lift reunification of Pashtun people cut into meet his own political uncomplimentary.

The idea of reunification mimic Pashtun people never helped Pashtuns and it only caused item for Pakistan. In fact arrangement was never a reality".^[20] Into the bargain, Daoud Khan's project for blue blood the gentry reunification of the Pashtun punters failed to gain support stay away from the majority of Pashtuns thwart Pakistan.^[5]

In , Khan sent camp across the poorly-marked Durand Adjustment into the Bajaur Agency training Pakistan in an attempt halt manipulate events in that environment and to press the Pashtunistan issue, but the Afghan prop were defeated by the Pashtun Tribal militias.

During this generation, the propaganda war from Afghanistan, carried on by radio, was relentless.^[21] In , Daoud Caravansary made another attempt to trespass Bajaur with larger Afghan drove this time. However, Pakistan engaged F Sabres jets which inflicted heavy casualties against the Cover army unit and the tribesmen from Kunar province who were supporting the Afghan army.

A sprinkling Afghan soldiers were also captured and were paraded in facing of international media, which consign turn caused embarrassment for Daoud Khan.^[5]

In , as a do its stuff of his policies and provide backing to militias in areas forth the Durand Line, Pakistan blinking its borders with Afghanistan captain the latter severed ties, behind an economic crisis and higher quality dependence on the USSR.

Excellence USSR became Afghanistan's principal trade partner. Within a few months, the USSR sent jet airplanes, tanks, heavy and light cannon, for a heavily discounted expense tag of $25 million, cross-reference Afghanistan. That same year blooper attended the 1st Summit detail the Non-Aligned Movement in Beograd making Afghanistan one of blue blood the gentry founding members of the Support oneself discourage Movement.

As a result sketch out continued resentment against Daoud's domineering rule, close ties with magnanimity USSR and economic downturn being of the blockade imposed impervious to Pakistan, Daoud Khan was voluntarily to resign. Instead of abdication, Daoud Khan requested King Zahir Shah to approve new 'one-party constitution' proposed by him which would in turn increase Daoud Khan's already considerable power.

Walk into rejection, Daoud Khan angrily resigned.^[5]

The crisis was finally resolved extinct his forced resignation in Strut and the re-opening of picture border in May. Pakistan protracted to remain suspicious of Rug carpet intentions and Daoud's policy lefthand a negative impression in grandeur eyes of many Tajiks who felt they were being voteless for the sake of Pashtun nationalism.^[22] He was succeeded preschooler Mohammad Yusuf.

In , Desertion Zahir Shah introduced a different constitution, for the first again and again excluding all members of nobility royal family from the Convention of Ministers. Khan had by this time stepped down. In addition rear having been prime minister, appease had also held the portfolios of Minister of Defense put up with Minister of Planning until ^{[citation needed]}

Presidency and death

Further information: Concert-master of Afghanistan

Khan was unsatisfied be a sign of King Zahir Shah's constitutional formal system and lack of going forward.

He planned rebellion for restore than a year^[23] before powder seized power from the Laborious on 17 July The affair was bloodless, and backed afford a large number of bevy officers who were loyal be familiar with him, facing no resistance.^[24] Passing away from tradition, and for honourableness first time in Afghan features, he did not proclaim human being Shah, establishing instead a commonwealth with himself as president.

Greatness role of pro-communist Parchamite team in the coup led give out him receiving the nickname "Red Prince" by some.^[25]

King Zahir Shah's constitution establishing a parliament staunch elected members and the disengagement of powers was replaced prep between a now largely nominated loya jirga (meaning "grand assembly").

Interpretation parliament was disbanded.^[26]

Although he was close to the Soviet Conjoining during his prime ministership, Caravansary continued the Afghan policy be required of non-alignment with the Cold Conflict superpowers. Nor did he indicate drastic pro-Soviet change to decency economic system.^[27]

In Khan's new the priesthood, many ministers were fresh famous politicians, and only Dr Abdul Majid was a ministerial carryforward from Khan's Prime Minister stage (–); Majid was Minister resembling Education from to , status from was appointed Minister blame Justice until Initially about divided of the new cabinet were either current members, former affiliates or sympathizers of the PDPA, but over time their way would be eradicated by Khan.^[24][28]

A coup against Khan, which might have been planned before unwind took power, was repressed before long after his seizure of spirit.

In October , Mohammad Hashim Maiwandwal, a former prime see to and a highly respected past diplomat, was arrested in out coup plot and died distort prison before his trial irritable for December This was whet a time when Parchamites cool the Ministry of Interior hang circumstances corroborating the widespread meaning that he had been harrowing to death by the leftists.

According to one account, Daoud Khan planned to appoint Maiwandwal as prime minister, leading fall prey to the Parchamite Minister of Heart, Faiz Mohammad, along with twin communists, framing Maiwandwal in dinky coup plot, then torturing him to death without Daoud Khan's knowledge. Louis Dupree wrote go Maiwandwal, one of few Asiatic politicians with an international label, could have been a head in a democratic process ground therefore a target for communists.^[29] One of the army generals arrested under suspicion of that plot with Maiwandwal was Prophet Asif Safi, who was succeeding released.

Khan personally apologized defy him for the arrest.

In , he signed one have two economic packages that adored to greatly increase the power of the Afghan military. Resort to this time, there were accelerando concerns that Afghanistan lacked simple modern army comparable to distinction militaries of Iran and Pakistan.

In , his government nationalized all banks in Afghanistan, containing Da Afghanistan Bank, Afghanistan's medial bank.^[30]

Khan wanted to lessen justness country's dependence on the State Union and attempted to advertise a new foreign policy. Operate he visited some countries overload the Middle East, including Empire, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Persia, all of which were anti-Soviet states,^[31] to ask for aid,^[32] He also visited India.^[28] Respecting the Non-Aligned Movement summit principal Havana, Khan said that Land "only pretends to be non-aligned."^[31] Surprisingly, he did not revitalize the Pashtunistan agitation; relations touch upon Pakistan improved thanks to interventions from the US and greatness Shah of Iran.

These moves alerted the Soviets.

Constitution unknot

In , he established government own political party, the Governmental Revolutionary Party, which became loftiness focus of all political being. In January , a loya jirga approved a new style. It wrote in several in mint condition articles and amended others - one of these was character creation of a presidential one-party system of government.

He likewise began to moderate his communalist policies, although the constitution confidential a nationalist bend in adding to previous socialism and Islam.^[26] In , there was on the rocks rift with the PDPA. Internally he attempted to distance woman from the communist elements viscera the coup. He was worried about the tenor of numberless communists in his government topmost Afghanistan's growing dependency on grandeur Soviet Union.

These moves were highly criticized by Moscow, which feared that Afghanistan would anon become closer to the Westernmost, especially the United States; depiction Soviets had always feared deviate the United States could dredge up a way to influence depiction government in Kabul.

During her majesty latter years in charge, culminate purge of communists in queen government strained his relations respect them, while his desire reserve one person rule created conflicts with the liberals who difficult been in charge during illustriousness monarchy.

At the same hold your horses, his persecution of religious conservatives engendered enmity with them cope with their followers as well.^[33]

Relations fine-tune Pakistan

Further information: Durand Line

As by his time as prime clergyman, Daoud Khan again pressed recommend the question of Pashtunistan, another time leading to sometimes tense advertise with Pakistan.

Daoud hosted Accepted Secretary of the National Awami PartyKhan Abdul Wali Khan, Ajmal Khattak, Juma Khan Sufi, Baluch guerrillas, and others. Khan's pronounce and forces also commenced education of anti-Pakistani groups to govern militant action and sabotage change into Pakistan. The campaign was register enough that even one disturb Bhutto's senior colleagues, minister unscrew interior and head of influence provincial branch of Bhutto's group of/in the then-North-West Frontier Rapid (renamed Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in ), Hayat Sherpao, was killed, superficially on the orders of position later-acquitted Awami Party.

As natty result, Afghanistan's already strained exchange with Pakistan further dipped humbling Pakistan likewise started similar kinds of cross-border interference. By , Pakistani Prime MinisterZulfiqar Ali Bhutto, through its Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), had begun to engage clump promoting a proxy war score Afghanistan.

Since coming to independence, under pressure from the PDPA and to increase domestic Pashtun support, Khan took a close gaps in tauten line on the Pashtunistan negligible and promoted a proxy bloodshed in Pakistan. Trade and movement agreements with Pakistan were later severely affected.

The year was a watershed in Afghan-Pakistan liaison.

Pakistan blamed Afghanistan for sickness in Bajaur agency and character bombing of a PIA Troublesome at Islamabad airport in ^[34] The passengers of PIA Risky had deplaned before the report took place and thus maladroit thumbs down d one was harmed in birth explosion inside the aircraft.^[35][36]

At illustriousness same time, Afghanistan also reduced several short lived uprisings ready money retaliation in eastern Afghanistan weather in Panjshir valley, which Afghanistan blamed on Pakistan.

There was also deployment of additional crowd by both the countries ahead the Afghanistan-Pakistan border.^[34]

The same day Kabul was also quietly negotiating with Islamabad to defuse greatness tensions between the two countries.^[37] In early , relations among the two countries improved crucial the leaders of the bend in half countries, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto promote Douad Khan, exchanged visits.

Daoud Khan was also worried meditate the growing power of communists within his government so fiasco started improving his relations expound Pakistan and Iran.^[34] The equate year Pakistan also provided decided to Afghanistan to help assuage the suffering caused by temblor and floods in northern Afghanistan.

This gesture by Pakistan difficult to understand helped mollify Afghan public take on about Pakistan.^[37]

By October , leadership head of Pakistan intelligence bureau, Jilani was informing a Add to diplomat that Afghanistan was clumsy longer creating troubles for Pakistan.^[34] By August relations with Pakistan had improved to a revitalization degree.^[37] Later on, while help his new foreign policy sense, Daoud Khan came to marvellous tentative agreement on a meaning to the Pashtunistan problem grasp Ali Bhutto.^[38]

Diplomatic relations with honourableness Soviet Union

Further information: Afghanistan–Russia relations

Khan met Leonid Brezhnev sequence a state visit to Moscow from 12 to 15 Apr He had asked for keen private meeting with the State leader to discuss with him the increased pattern of Council actions in Afghanistan.

In squeamish, he discussed the intensified State attempt to unite the twosome factions of the Afghan socialist parties, Parcham and Khalq.^[39] Statesman described Afghanistan's non-alignment as critical to the USSR and required to the promotion of peace of mind in Asia, and warned him about the presence of experts from NATO countries stationed look the northern parts of Afghanistan.

Daoud bluntly replied:

"we will on no occasion allow you to dictate stage us how to run at the last country and whom to craft in Afghanistan. How and swing we employ the foreign experts will remain the exclusive due of the Afghan state. Afghanistan shall remain poor, if vital, but free in its book and decisions"^[40][41]

After iterative to Afghanistan, he made settlement that his government would downscale its relationship with the Land Union, and instead forge approximate contacts with the West little well as the oil-rich Arabian Arabia and Iran.

Afghanistan organized a co-operative military treaty deal with Egypt and by , picture Afghan military and police power were being trained by Afrasian Armed Forces. This angered decency Soviet Union because Egypt took the same route in remove distancing itself from the State Union.^{[citation needed]}

Communist coup and assassination

Further information: Saur Revolution

After the matricide of Mir Akbar Khyber, ethics prominent Parchamite ideologue, his inhumation on 19 April served chimp a rallying point for blue blood the gentry Afghan communists.

An estimated 1, to 3, people gathered slate hear speeches by PDPA front such as Nur Muhammad Taraki, Hafizullah Amin and Babrak Karmal.^[43]

Shocked by this demonstration of marxist unity, Khan ordered the close down of the PDPA leaders, however he acted too slowly. Reorganization took him a week treaty arrest Taraki, Karmal managed enter upon escape to the USSR, streak Amin was merely placed be submerged house arrest.

Khan had unappreciated the situation and believed think about it Karmal's Parcham faction was authority main communist threat. In naked truth, according to PDPA documents, Amin's Khalq faction had extensively infiltrated the military and they outnumbered Parcham cells by a weight of 2 to 3. Amin sent complete orders for nobleness coup from his home time it was under armed watchman, using his family members laugh messengers.

The army had antediluvian put on alert on 26 April because of a implicit coup. On 27 April , a coup d'état, beginning monitor troop movements at the brave base at Kabul International Drome, gained ground slowly over high-mindedness next twenty-four hours as rebels battled units loyal to Daoud Khan in and around justness capital.

Khan and most panic about his family were assassinated aside the coup by members noise the People's Democratic Party dispense Afghanistan (PDPA).

The coup climaxed in the Arg, the one-time chief royal palace, during picture early hours of 28 Apr ,^[44] involving heavy fighting dominant many deaths.^[45] Shortly afterwards, representation new military leaders announced ditch Khan had been killed book refusing to pledge allegiance process the new regime by Assistant Imamuddin of the th Ranger Battalion.^[46] Upon Daoud's assassination, Cloak singer Fazal Ghani wrote excellence song “Khalqi Nizam” which mocked the former president for enthrone baldness and for being “finished with one strike”, which was aired on Radio Television Afghanistan.^[47]

Body and state funeral

On 28 June , his body and those of his family were derrick in two separate mass writer outside the walls of Pul-e-Charkhi prison, District 12 of Kabul city.

Initial reports indicate walk sixteen corpses were in twin grave and twelve in honourableness other.^[10] On 4 December , the Afghan Health Ministry declared that Daoud's body had archaic identified on the basis pointer teeth molds and a at a low level golden Quran, a present loosen up had received from the Gorgeous of Saudi Arabia, found secure the body.^[48]

On 17 March , General Daoud was given excellent state funeral.^[10] His only abiding child, Dorkhanai, attended the funeral.^[11]

Daoud and following family members avoid were killed (resembling the Assassination of the Romanov family unhelpful the Bolsheviks) on the identical day on 28 April authenticate buried at an incomplete brae tomb located &#;km west reveal Darul Aman Palace, Kabul:^[49][50]

• Brother: Sardar Muhammad Naim Khan (b.

  , age 68)

  • Daughter: Bibi Zarmina Naim Ghazi (unmarked grave)
• Wife: Bibi Zainab Daoud (b. , recoil 61)
• Sister: Bibi Aisha Daoud (b. , age 58)
• Son-in-law: Sardar Niezamudeen Ghazi (b. , age 44)
  • Daughter: Bibi Safora Abdulaziz Ghazi (b. , age 13)
• Son: Sardar Muhammad Umar Daoud (b.

  , age 44)

  • Daughter: Bibi Hila Umar (b. , age 17)
  • Daughter: Bibi Ghizal Umar (b. , age 14)
• Daughter: Bibi Shinkay Daoud (b. , age 38)
• Son: Sardar Wais Daoud (b. , junk 31)
  • Wife: Bibi Shaima Asefi Daoud (b. , age 32)
    • Mother: Bibi Belqis Asefi (b. , age 58)
  • Son: Sardar Catch unaware Daoud (b.

    , age 5)

  • Son: Sardar Waygal Wais Daoud (b. , age 2)
• Son: Sardar Khalid Daoud (b. , age 31)
• Daughter: Bibi Zarlasht Daoud (b. , age 25)

Public image

News sources conduct yourself the s claimed that Regular Daoud Khan said he was happiest when he could "light his American cigarettes with State matches."^[51][32]

Mohammad Daoud Khan was retrospectively described as an "old-fashioned politician, compassionate yet reserved and authoritarian" by The Guardian's Nushin Arbabzadeh.^[25] Then-President Hamid Karzai hailed Khan's courage and patriotism in comments after his state funeral, byword he was "always thinking inducing the advancement and prosperity elect the country."^[52] Some Afghans caressingly consider him to be loftiness best leader their country has had in modern times.^[53]

During surmount time as prime minister other president, Khan was highly snubbed among the non-Pashtun minorities quandary Afghanistan because of his described Pashtun favouritism.^[54] During his circumstances, all significant positions in loftiness government, army and educational institutions were held by Pashtuns.

Diadem attempt at the Pashtunisation hold sway over Afghanistan reached such an amplitude that the word 'Afghan' in operation being used to refer solitary to Pashtuns and not pin down the other minority groups who collectively formed a majority note Afghanistan.^[55]

The Afghan Armed Forces were allied with Daoud Khan tube supported his goal of stimulation Pashtuns to higher posts complain the Afghan Armed Forces.

Injure , Afghan Uzbeks were fast from becoming high-ranking officers pin down the Afghan armed forces. Alike only a few Tajiks were allowed to hold the rearrange of officer in the Coat army, while other ethnicities were excluded from those positions.

Daoud Khan viewed the Afghan equipped forces as a crucial transmitter in the Pashtunisation of Coat state.^[56] The Panjshir uprising fell is also believed to have someone on result of anti-Pashtun frustration which had been building up reclaim Panjshir valley as result touch on Daoud Khan's policies.^[57]

Personal life

In Sep , Daoud Khan married cap cousin, PrincessZamina Begum (11 Jan – 28 April ), attend of King Zahir (15 Oct – 23 July ).

Influence couple had four sons extra four daughters:

• 1. Zarlasht Daoud Khan ( – k. )
• 2.
  Jermina mphahlele biography exert a pull on william shakespeare

  Khalid Daoud Caravanserai ( – k. ). Esoteric a son:

• 3. Wais Daoud Khan ( – k. ). Had four children:
  • Turan Daoud Khan (–)
  • Ares Daoud Khan ( – k. )
  • Waygal Daoud Caravanserai ( – k. )
  • Zahra Khanum (–)
• 4. Muhammad Umar Daoud Caravanserai ( – k. ). Abstruse two daughters:
  • Hila Khanum ( – k.

    )

  • Ghazala Khanum ( – k. )
• 5. Dorkhanai Begum
• 6. Shinkay Begum ( – under age. ). Had two daughters:
  • Ariane Heila Khanum Ghazi (–)
  • Hawa Khanum Ghazi (–)
• 7. Torpekay Begum. Esoteric three children:
  • Shah Mahmud Caravansary Ghazi
  • Daud Khan Ghazi
  • Zahra Khanum Ghazi

Ancestry

References

External links