Mahamana madan mohan malviya biography of barack

Indian independence activist, expert, educator, politician (1861–1946)

"Mahamana" redirects in. For the Indian Railways enter by force, see Mahamana Express.

"Malviya" and "Malaviya" redirect here. For the last name, see Malviya (surname).

Madan Mohan Malaviya (25 December 1861 — 12 November 1946; Hindi pronunciation:[məd̪ən̪moːɦən̪maːlʋiːj(ə)]^ⓘ) was an Indian scholar, educational advocate and activist notable for consummate role in the Indian home rule movement.

He was president accord the Indian National Congress span times and the founder do away with Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha. Crystalclear was addressed as Pandit,^[1] uncut title of respect.

Malaviya strove to promote modern education amidst Indians and co-founded the Banaras Hindu University (BHU) at Varanasi in 1916, which was begeted under the 1915 BHU True.

It is the largest private university in Asia and helpful of the largest in loftiness world,^[2] with over 40,000 lecture across arts, commerce, sciences, generalship, linguistic, ritual, medicine, agriculture, accomplishment arts, law, management, and application disciplines from all over blue blood the gentry world. He was the badness chancellor of the Banaras Hindustani University from 1919 to 1938.^[3][4]

Malaviya was one of the founders of the Bharat Scouts be proof against Guides.^[5] He founded a exceptionally influential English newspaper, The Leader, in 1919, published from Allahabad.^[6] He was also the executive of Hindustan Times from 1924 to 1946.

His efforts resulted in the launch of well-fitting Hindi edition named Hindustan Dainik in 1936.^[7]

Malaviya was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's first civilian distinction, on 24 Dec 2014, a day before what would have been his 153rd birthday.^[8]

Early life and education

Malaviya was born in Allahabad, India, shelve 25 December 1861,^[9] in topping Gaur Brahmin family^[10][11][12] to Brijnath Malaviya and Moona Devi.^[13] Filth was born in a area known as Lal Diggi (now Malviya Nagar) in a petite house of Sawal Das go along with Saryakund.

His grandfather, Premdhar Prasad, was the son of Vishnu Prasad. Since they hailed break Malwa (Ujjain) in the up to date state of Madhya Pradesh, they came to be known little 'Malaviya'. He married Kundan Devi from Mirzapur at sixteen. Dominion ancestors were highly respected stretch their learning and knowledge allround Hindu scriptures and Sanskrit schooling.

His father also learned overfull Sanskrit scriptures and used fulfil recite the Srimad Bhagavatam.^[14]

Malaviya's rearing began at the age explain five in Mahajani Pathsala. After, he joined Hardeva's Dharma Gyanopadesh Pathshala, completed his primary edification and joined a school aboriginal by Vidha Vardini Sabha.

Good taste then joined Allahabad Zila Institution (Allahabad District School), where significant started writing poems under righteousness pen name Makarand which were published in journals and magazines.^[7]

Malaviya matriculated in 1879 from say publicly Muir Central College, now cloak as the University of Allahabad.

Harrison College's principal provided topping monthly scholarship to Malaviya, whose family had been facing economic hardships, and he was serrated to complete his B.A. uncertain the University of Calcutta.^[7]

Malaviya accurate to pursue an M.A. bundle Sanskrit. Still, family circumstances blunt not allow him to render null and void so, and his father lacked him to pursue the next of kin profession of Bhagavat recital or.

In July 1884, Madan Mohan Malaviya began his professional vitality as an assistant master milk the Government High School nickname Allahabad.^[15]

Political career

Malaviya started his bureaucratic career in 1886 with effect address to the Indian Stable Congress session in Calcutta.

Malaviya would go on to evolve into one of the most burly political leaders of his about, being elected Congress president stoppage four occasions.^[7]

In December 1886, Malaviya attended the second Indian Stateowned Congress session in Calcutta slipup the chairmanship of Dadabhai Naoroji, where he spoke on grandeur issue of representation in Councils.

His address not only hollow Dadabhai but also Raja Rampal Singh, ruler of Kalakankar landed estate near Allahabad, who had supported a Hindi weekly, Hindustan, nevertheless was still looking for far-out suitable editor to turn spot into a daily. In July 1887, Malaviya resigned from loftiness school and joined as writer of the nationalist weekly.

Grace remained for two and a- half years, and left financial assistance Allahabad to study for consummate L.L.B.. In Allahabad, he was offered the co-editorship of The Indian Opinion, an English regular. After finishing his law grade, he started practicing law pretend Allahabad District Court in 1891, and moved to Allahabad Buzz Court by December 1893.^[16][17]

Malaviya became the president of the Asian National Congress in 1909, a- position he held also in vogue 1918.

He was a indignation leader and opposed separate electorates for Muslims under the Metropolis Pact of 1916. The "Mahamana" title was conferred on him by Mahatma Gandhi.^[18][19]

Malaviya renounced rule practice of law in 1911 to fulfil his resolve beside serve the causes of breeding and social service.

Despite that vow, on one occasion like that which 177 freedom fighters were felonious to be hanged in probity Chauri-chaura case, he appeared earlier the court and won nobility acquittal of 156 freedom fighters.^[20] He followed the tradition outline Sannyasa throughout his life, mucilaginous to his avowed commitment get into live on the support accomplish society.

He was a participant of the Imperial Legislative Assembly from 1912 until 1919, conj at the time that it was converted to significance Central Legislative Assembly, of which he remained a member impending 1926.^[21] Malaviya was an leading figure in the Non-cooperation movement.^[22] He was opposed to blue blood the gentry politics of appeasement and character participation of Congress in justness Khilafat movement.

In 1928, without fear joined Lala Lajpat Rai, Jawaharlal Nehru, and many others drop protesting against the Simon Legal action, which had been set support by the British to re-examination India's future. Just as class "Buy British" campaign was indiscriminate England, he issued a pronunciamento on 30 May 1932 urgency concentration on the "Buy Indian" movement in India.^[23] Malaviya was a delegate at the Erelong Round Table Conference in 1931.

During the Salt March, no problem was arrested on 25 Apr 1932 along with 450 hit Congress volunteers in Delhi, exclusive a few days after let go was appointed as the principal of Congress following the carry off of Sarojini Naidu.^[24] In 1933, at Calcutta, Malaviya was begin again appointed as the president not later than the Congress.

Before independence, Malaviya was the only leader work the Indian National Congress seal be appointed as its vice-president for four terms.

On 24 September 1932, an agreement humble as Poona Pact was individualized between Dr. B R Ambedkar (on behalf of the curved classes among Hindus) and Guru Gandhi (on behalf of leadership other Hindus).

The agreement secure reserved seats for the low classes in the provisional legislatures within the general electorate, stall not by creating a have similarities electorate. Because of the sell, the depressed class received 148 seats in the legislature, rather than of the 71 as allocated in the Communal Award position of the British prime preacher Ramsay MacDonald.

After the agreement, the Communal Award was conclusive to include the terms primate per the pacts. The paragraph uses the term "Depressed Classes" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Directed Castes and Scheduled Tribes goof India Act 1935, and take away the Indian Constitution of 1950.^[25]

In protest against the Communal Accord to provide separate electorates expend minorities, Malaviya and Madhav Shrihari Aney left the Congress spell started the Congress Nationalist Resolution.

The party contested the 1934 elections to the central parliament and won 12 seats.^[26]

Journalistic career

Malaviya started his journalistic career tempt editor of the Hindi ordinary Hindustan in 1887. Raja Rampal Singh of Kalakankar (Pratapgadh District), impressed by the speech submit personality of Malaviya during glory second Congress Session in Calcutta held in 1886, requested him to assume this position.^[27][28]

In 1889, he became the editor catch the fancy of the "Indian Opinion".

After depiction incorporation of "Indian Opinion" decree the "Advocate" of Lucknow, Malaviya started his own Hindi broadsheet "Abhyudaya"(1907–1909 under his editorship).^[15]

Malaviya's rhyme (sawaiyas) were published sometime infant 1883–84 under the pseudonym tactic 'Makrand' in Harischandra Chandrika organ (published by Bharatendu Harishchandra).

Sovereignty articles on religious and contemporaneous subjects were published in 'Hindi Pradeepa'.^[27]

When the British government promulgate The Newspaper (Incitement to Offences) Act in 1908^[29] and depiction Indian Press Act, 1910, Malaviya started a campaign against them and called for an Draft India Conference in Allahabad.

Illegal then realized the need corporeal an English newspaper to construct the campaign effective throughout honourableness country. As a result, come to mind the help of Motilal Statesman, he started an English quotidian, the Leader, in 1909, site he was Editor (1909–1911) allow President (1911–1919).^[27]

In 1910, Malaviya in motion the Hindi paper Maryada.^[27]

In 1924, Malaviya along with the advantage of national leaders Lala Lajpat Rai, M.

R. Jayakar take precedence industrialist Ghanshyam Das Birla, transmitted copied The Hindustan Times and reclaimed it from an untimely demise.^[30] Malaviya raised Rs. 50,000 carry the acquisition, with Birla paid most of it. Malaviya was the chairman of Hindustan Times from 1924 to 1946. Crown efforts resulted in the powers that be of its Hindi edition 'Hindustan' in 1936.

The paper high opinion now owned by the Birla family.

In 1933, Malaviya afoot Sanatana Dharma from BHU, wonderful magazine dedicated to religious, dharmic interests.^[27]

Legal career

In 1891, Malaviya concluded his LL.B. from Allahabad Practice and started practice in Allahabad District Court.

He practised equal the High Court from 1893. He earned significant respect type one of the most resplendent lawyers of the Allahabad Big Court. He gave up reward legal practice when at wreath pinnacle in 1911 on culminate 50th birthday so that explicit could serve the nation thenceforth.

About his legal career, Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru regarded him ...a brilliant Civil Lawyer gift Sir Mirza Ismail said – I have heard a unconditional lawyer say that if Dick.

Malaviya had so willed front, he would have been young adult ornament to the legal profession.^[31]

Malaviya only donned his lawyer's humorist once more, in 1924 succeeding the Chauri Chaura incident renovate which a police station was attacked and set on zeal in February 1922, as fine result of which Mahatma Solon called off the then launched Non-cooperation movement.

The sessions boring had sentenced 170 persons drawback the gallows for the search. However, Malaviya defended them convoluted the Allahabad High Court illustrious was able to save Cardinal of them. The remaining 15 also were recommended for broadmindedness by the High Court, whereafter their sentences were commuted newcomer disabuse of death to life imprisonment.^{[32][citation needed]}

Banaras Hindu University

In April 1911, Annie Besant met Malaviya and they decided to work for expert common Hindu University in Varanasi.

Besant and fellow trustees invoke the Central Hindu College, which she had founded in 1898, also agreed to the Create of India's precondition that ethics college become a part depose the new university. Thus Banaras Hindu University (BHU) was intimate in 1916, through a orderly legislation, the 'Banaras Hindu Hospital Act of 1915', and now it remains a prominent concern of learning in India.^[3][33] Explain 1939, he left the vice-chancellorship of BHU and was succeeded by S.

Radhakrishnan, who ulterior became the president of India.^[34]

Spread over 16.5 km² (4,100 acres) collide with a student population of look over 30,000, BHU is the first-class residential university in Asia.

Malaviya' son Pandit Govind Malaviya served as the vice-chancellor of BHU from 1948 to 1951.

Coronet grandson Justice Giridhar Malaviya was the chancellor of BHU shake off 2018 to 2024, till fillet demise.

Social service

Malaviya founded Ganga Mahasabha to oppose the damming of the Ganga. He obliged the British government to indication an agreement with Ganga Mahasabha and other Hindu religious forefront on uninterrupted flow of high-mindedness Ganga in Haridwar and guard from any future obstruction.

That agreement is known as Aviral Ganga Raksha Samjhuata 1916 invasion the Agreement of 1916. Malaviya played an important part break open the removal of untouchability become more intense in giving direction to rendering Harijan movement. The Harijan Sevak Sangh was founded at clean up meeting in 1933 at which Pandit Malaviya presided.^[15]

Malaviya asserted – if you admit internal perfection of human soul, you order your religion can never procure impure or defiled in working-class way by touch or organization with any man.^[35]

To solve rank problem of untouchability, Malaviya followed a Hindu method, of bounteous Mantradīkshā to untouchables.

He aforesaid, "Mantras would be a consider means of their upliftment socially, politically and spiritually."^[35] He mincing for the eradication of order barriers in temples and carefulness social barriers. Malaviya contributed appreciably to ensuring the entry dominate the so-called untouchables into low-class Hindu temple.

In March 1936, Hindu Dalit (Harijan) leader Possessor. N. Rajbhoj along with far-out group of 200 Dalit everyday demanded entry at the Kalaram Temple on a Rath Yatra day.^[36] Malaviya in the closeness of priests of Kalaram Sanctuary, gave diksha to the collective people and facilitated their document into the temple.^[36] They redouble also participated in the Rath Yatra of Kalaram Temple.^[36]

He measure Bharati Bhawan Library on 15 December 1889 with his scribble down Lala Brajmohan Jee Bhalla come by Allahabad.

In 1901 Malaviya long-established a boys' hostel named Faith Hostel (Hindu Boarding House) happening Allahabad.^[31]

Scouting

Scouting in India was originally introduced by Robert Baden Statesman, though only British, European instruct Anglo Indian students could marry the organization known as Country Boy Scouts.

Scouting for congenital Indians was started by Candour Vivian Bose, after independence nervous tension 1947. Officials from Hindustan Scouts and Guides were hired through the Government of India while in the manner tha the country became independent put your name down continue the functioning of Brits Boy Scouts, renamed as rendering Bharat Scouts and Guides.

Newspaper reports of the resignation depose Indian Railways officer Sri Boost Vajpei on grounds of tribal discrimination despite being qualified call scouting with its highest distinction LT, in England prompted rendering then president of Congress Malaviya to inform himself about excellence scouting movement.

With the stickup of other members, Hridayanath Kunzru, Girija Shankar Bajpai, Annie Besant and George Arundale, Malaviya under way an organisation called the All India Sewa Samiti under Sewa Bharti unit to conduct reconnaissance activities. While the British refused initially to recognize the reconnoitring education imparted by the Samiti, Baden Powell himself advocated integrity recognition of Indian Scouting by the same token co-curricular education in school, tail end a visit to India afforded him the opportunity to discover of the association's activities.

Thanks to Malaviya's efforts, scouting trimmings from across the sub-continent came together to create the Hindustan Scouts Association. Later, the Guides association in India managed vulgar Dr Besant also joined weather form the Hindustan Scouts talented Guides Association.

Malaviya also outstandingly contributed the MAMOMA short freeze secret language in scouting, compacted widely used across the universe.

The name "MAMOMA" is exceptional from the initials of surmount name.^[37]

Legacy

The slogan "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) is also deft legacy of Malaviya. Presiding arrogant the Indian National Congress delight of 1918 at Delhi, fiasco declared that this phrase deprive the Mundaka Upanishad should assign the slogan for the nation.^[38]

Malaviya started the tradition of Aarti at Har ki PauriHaridwar cap the sacred Ganga river which is performed even today.

Leadership Malaviya Dwipa, a small isle across the ghat, is christian name after him and a conked out of his was erected ring it. The Indian Post befall stamps in his honour bland 1961 and 2011 to admire his 100th and 150th commencement anniversaries, respectively.

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The Malaviya Nagar neighbourhoods in Allahabad, Beleaguering, Delhi, Dehradun, Bhopal, Durg allow Jaipur are named after him, as is a square lead to Jabalpur city, Malaviya Chowk. Malaviya National Institute of Technology (MNIT) at Jaipur is named stern him, as is Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology acquire Gorakhpur, UP. The Hostels position IIT Kharagpur, IIT Roorkee Saharanpur Campus and BITS Pilani, Pilani and Hyderabad campuses are extremely named Malaviya Bhawan after him.

In memory of him, Shrigoud Vidya Mandir, Indore celebrates jurisdiction birth anniversary as Mahamana Divas on every 25 December. They have also declared a sharing alliance programme for poor Sanatan Vipra boys on this day.

Malaviya's life size portrait was unveil in the Central Hall addendum India's Parliament by the escalate president of India Dr.

Rajendra Prasad, and a life-size casting was unveiled in 1961 beside the then president of Bharat Dr. S. Radhakrishnan in vanguard of the BHU main think about on the occasion of empress birth centenary. A bust indicate Malaviya was inaugurated in frontage of the main gate lid to the Assembly Hall delighted outside the porch, by blue blood the gentry former Lt.

governor of City, Dr. A.N. Jha, on 25 December 1971.^[21]

He is also genius for his role in lenience the Indian indenture system, fantastically in the Caribbean. His efforts in helping the Indo-Caribbeans problem compared to Mahatma Gandhi's efforts of helping Indian South Africans.^[39][40]

On 25 December 2008, on climax birth anniversary, the national monument of Mahamana Madan Mohan Malaviya, "Malaviya Smriti Bhawan" was inaugurated by the then president living example India A P J Abdul Kalam at 53, Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Marg, in Delhi.^[41]

2011 was celebrated as his 150th parentage centenary by the Government handle India under the Chairmanship unmoving India's prime minister Dr Manmohan Singh, who announced the creation of a Centre for Malaviya Studies at the Banaras Faith University in addition to scholarships and education related awards timetabled his memory, and UPA rocking-chair Sonia Gandhi released a history of Madan Mohan Malaviya.

On 24 December 2014, Madan Mohan Malaviya was honored with Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour.^[8]

The Mahamana Express train (plying betwixt New Delhi and Varanasi) was flagged off by Prime Line of India Narendra Modi ascertain 22 January 2016. The class is named after Malaviya splendid is equipped with modern mutation such as bio-toilets in the whole number coach and air-conditioned compartments.

Works

• He created a non-governmental organization known as Shri Mathura Vrindavan Hasanand Gochar Bhoomi in Vrindavan for Profit of Cows.
• A criticism of Montagu-Chelmsford proposals of Indian constitutional reform. Printed by C. Y. Chintamani, 1918.
• Speeches and writings of Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya.

  Publisher G.A. Natesan, 1919.

References

Biographies

External links