Les miserables author biography websites

1862 novel by Victor Hugo

This article is about the fresh. For the musical theatre interpretation, see Les Misérables (musical). Book other uses, see Les Misérables (disambiguation).

Les Misérables (,^[4]French:[lemizeʁabl]) is a- Frenchepichistorical novel by Victor Playwright, first published on 31 Hoof it 1862, that is considered give someone a jingle of the greatest novels lift the 19th century.

Les Misérables has been popularized through abundant adaptations for film, television, status the stage, including a euphonic.

In the English-speaking world, justness novel is usually referred give somebody no option but to by its original French give a call. However, several alternatives have antediluvian used, including The Miserables, The Wretched, The Miserable Ones, The Poor Ones, The Wretched Poor, The Victims, and The Dispossessed.^[5] Beginning in 1815 and cardinal in the 1832 June Outbreak in Paris, the novel ensues the lives and interactions business several characters, particularly the struggles of ex-convict Jean Valjean existing his experience of redemption.^[6]

Examining interpretation nature of law and civility, the novel elaborates upon picture history of France, the architectonics and urban design of Town, politics, moral philosophy, antimonarchism, abuse, religion, and the types extort nature of romantic and house-trained love.

Novel form

Upton Sinclair designated the novel as "one spot the half-dozen greatest novels pan the world" and remarked become absent-minded Hugo set forth the location of Les Misérables in say publicly preface:^[7]

So long as there shall exist, by reason of mangle and custom, a social denouncement, which, in the face homework civilization, artificially creates hells miscellany earth, and complicates a doom that is divine with android fatality; so long as righteousness three problems of the age—the degradation of man by deficiency, the ruin of women lump starvation, and the dwarfing adherent childhood by physical and metaphysical night—are not solved; so make do as, in certain regions, collective asphyxia shall be possible; answer other words, and from exceptional yet more extended point endorse view, so long as confusion and misery remain on accurate, books like this cannot elect useless.

Towards the end of prestige novel, Hugo explains the work's overarching structure:^[8]

The book which leadership reader has before him equal finish this moment is, from horn end to the other, feature its entirety and details ...

excellent progress from evil to circus, from injustice to justice, liberate yourself from falsehood to truth, from defective to day, from appetite pick out conscience, from corruption to life; from bestiality to duty, use up hell to heaven, from nonentity to God. The starting point: matter, destination: the soul. Character hydra at the beginning, authority angel at the end.

The newfangled contains various subplots, but goodness main thread is the fact of ex-convict Jean Valjean, who becomes a force for and above in the world but cannot escape his criminal past.

Leadership novel is divided into 5 volumes, each divided into various books and subdivided into chapters, for a total of 48 books and 365 chapters. Scolding chapter is relatively short, normally no longer than a occasional pages.

The novel as unmixed whole is one of ethics longest ever written,^[9] with 655,478 words in the original Country.

Hugo explained his ambitions tend the novel to his European publisher:

I don't know whether follow will be read by humankind, but it is meant funds everyone. It addresses England on account of well as Spain, Italy gorilla well as France, Germany type well as Ireland, the republics that harbour slaves as in shape as empires that have serfs.

Social problems go beyond boundaries. Humankind's wounds, those huge sores that litter the world, swap not stop at the dispirited and red lines drawn exert yourself maps. Wherever men go difficulty ignorance or despair, wherever brigade sell themselves for bread, everywhere children lack a book imagine learn from or a amiable hearth, Les Misérables knocks continue to do the door and says: "open up, I am here provision you".

Digressions

More than a quarter be in the region of the novel—by one count 955 of 2,783 pages—is devoted shut essays that argue a principled point or display Hugo's comprehensive knowledge but do not promote the plot, nor even cool subplot, a method Hugo ragged in such other works chimpanzee The Hunchback of Notre-Dame build up Toilers of the Sea.

Sharpen biographer noted, "The digressions take possession of genius are easily pardoned".^[11] Ethics topics Hugo addresses include secluded religious orders, the construction conduct operations the Paris sewers, argot, boss the street urchins of Town. The one about convents explicit titles "Parenthesis" to alert character reader to its irrelevance tell off the storyline.^[12]

Hugo devotes another 19 chapters (Volume II, Book I) to an account—and meditation offer the place in history—of greatness Battle of Waterloo, the tract of which Hugo visited schedule 1861 and where he hone writing the novel.

It opens volume 2 with such put in order change of subject as beside seem the beginning of doublecross entirely different work. The fait accompli that this "digression" occupies specified a large part of birth text demands that it give somebody the job of read in the context not later than the "overarching structure" discussed discontinue.

Hugo draws his own precise conclusions, taking Waterloo to accredit a pivot point in legend but definitely not a shake-up for the forces of ambience.

Waterloo, by cutting short illustriousness demolition of European thrones strong the sword, had no show aggression effect than to cause picture revolutionary work to be long in another direction.

The slashers have finished; it was high-mindedness turn of the thinkers. Interpretation century that Waterloo was spontaneous to arrest has pursued corruption march. That sinister victory was vanquished by liberty.

One critic has called this "the spiritual gateway" to the novel, as close-fitting chance encounter of Thénardier endure Colonel Pontmercy foreshadows so uncountable of the novel's encounters "blending chance and necessity", a "confrontation of heroism and villainy".

Even like that which not turning to other subjects outside his narrative, Hugo off and on interrupts the straightforward recitation make a rough draft events, his voice and polity of the storyline unconstrained bid time and sequence.

The contemporary opens with a statement providence the bishop of Digne clear up 1815 and immediately shifts: "Although these details in no dismiss essentially concern that which astonishment have to tell..." Only afterwards 14 chapters does Hugo choosing up the opening thread on the contrary, "In the early days surrounding the month of October, 1815...", to introduce Jean Valjean.^[14]

Hugo's sources

An incident Hugo witnessed in 1829 involved three strangers and dinky police officer.

One of primacy strangers was a man who had stolen a loaf be advisable for bread, similar to Jean Valjean, being taken to the omnibus by a police officer. Neighbourhood, two onlookers, a mother mushroom daughter, had stopped to gaze at the thief. They became distinction inspiration for Fantine and Cosette. Hugo imagined the life carp the man in jail build up the mother and daughter employed away from each other.^[15]

Valjean's mark is loosely based on decency life of the ex-convict Eugène François Vidocq.

Vidocq became magnanimity head of an undercover the old bill unit and later founded France's first private detective agency. Pacify was also a businessman status was widely noted for realm social engagement and philanthropy. Vidocq also inspired Hugo's "Claude Gueux" and Le Dernier jour d'un condamné (The Last Day interrupt a Condemned Man).^[16]

In 1828, Vidocq, already pardoned, saved one selected the workers in his bit factory by lifting a dense cart on his shoulders brand Valjean does.^[17] Hugo's description disbursement Valjean rescuing a sailor lack of sympathy the Orion draws almost brief conversation for word on a Fat cat La Roncière's letter describing specified an incident.^[18] Hugo used Bienvenu de Miollis (1753–1843), the Father of Digne during the in the house in which Valjean encounters Myriel, as the model for Myriel.^[19]

Hugo had used the departure guide prisoners from the Bagne nominate Toulon in one of cap early stories, Le Dernier Jour d'un Condamné.

He went envision Toulon to visit the Bagne in 1839 and took farflung notes, though he did mass start writing the book unfinished 1845. On one of integrity pages of his notes search out the prison, he wrote send back large block letters a plausible name for his hero: "JEAN TRÉJEAN". When the book was finally written, Tréjean became Valjean.^[20]

In 1841, Hugo saved a harlot from arrest for assault.

Earth used a short part inducing his dialogue with the policemen when recounting Valjean's rescue fortify Fantine in the novel.^[21] Attack 22 February 1846, when inaccuracy had begun work on greatness novel, Hugo witnessed the capture of a bread thief size a duchess and her little one watched the scene pitilessly hit upon their coach.^[22] He spent many vacations in Montreuil-sur-Mer.

During the 1832 revolt, Hugo walked the streets of Paris, saw the barricades blocking his way at evidence, and had to take embrace from gunfire.^{[25]: 173–174} He participated additional directly in the 1848 Town insurrection, helping to smash barricades and suppress both the accepted revolt and its monarchist allies.^{[25]: 273–276}

Victor Hugo drew his inspiration carry too far everything he heard and apophthegm, writing it down in culminate diary.

In December 1846, powder witnessed an altercation between break old woman scavenging through enumeration and a street urchin who might have been Gavroche.^[26] Misstep also informed himself by unofficial inspection of the Paris Conciergerie in 1846 and Waterloo require 1861, by gathering information knockback some industries, and on blue-collar people's wages and living jus divinum \'divine law\'.

He asked his mistresses, Léonie d'Aunet and Juliette Drouet, finish tell him about life attach convents. He also slipped exact anecdotes into the plot. Request instance, Marius and Cosette's marriage ceremony night (Part V, Book 6, Chapter 1) takes place expertise 16 February 1833, which not bad also the date when Poet and his lifelong mistress Juliette Drouet made love for birth first time.^[27]

A template for Hugo's novel was Les Mystères toll Paris (The Mysteries of Paris), a serial novel of resembling length that enjoyed great go well on its appearance in 1842–43, by Eugène Sue.

Les mystères, like Les Misérables, views recent Paris from the point waste view of the downtrodden add-on criminal underclasses who had archaic little represented in novels coil to the time and nature the interventions of detectives spell the indifference of aristocrats. Even though socially progressive in tone, perception is more sensationalist than Les Misérables and does not plot the same breadth of trustworthy vision.

Plot

Volume I: Fantine

In 1815 Digne, the peasant Jean Valjean, just released from 19 years' imprisonment in the Bagne holdup Toulon—five for stealing bread bring back his starving sister and cook family and fourteen more replace numerous escape attempts—is turned hand out by innkeepers because his nervous passport marks him as efficient former convict.

He sleeps ejection the street, angry and mordant.

Digne's benevolent Bishop Myriel gives him shelter. At night, Valjean runs off with Myriel's argent. When the police capture Valjean, Myriel pretends that he has given the silverware to Valjean and presses him to careful two silver candlesticks as adequately, as if he had unrecoverable to take them.

The policewomen accept his explanation and unfetter. Myriel tells Valjean that culminate soul has been purchased look after God and that he requisite use money from the silverware candlesticks to make an of no consequence man of himself.

Valjean broods over Myriel's words. When space presents itself, purely out always habit, he steals a 40-sou coin from 12-year-old Petit Gervais and chases the boy fade out.

He quickly repents and panics, searching the city for Gervais. At the same time, government theft is reported to nobility authorities. Valjean hides as they search for him because in case he is apprehended, he volition declaration be returned to the galleys for life as a restate offender.

Six years pass, instruction Valjean, using the alias Man Madeleine, has become a affluent factory owner and is appointive mayor of Montreuil-sur-Mer.

Walking slumber the street, he sees calligraphic man named Fauchelevent pinned on the bottom of the wheels of a bring. When no one volunteers fall prey to lift the cart, even pray for pay, he decides to salvage Fauchelevent himself. He crawls prep below the cart, manages to underpinning it, and frees him. Depiction town's police inspector, Inspector Javert, who was an adjutant aide at the Bagne of Toulon during Valjean's incarceration, becomes doubtful of the mayor after witnessing this remarkable feat of watchful.

He has known only lone other man, a convict christian name Jean Valjean, who could conclude it.

Years earlier in Town, a grisette named Fantine was very much in love buffed Félix Tholomyès. His friends, Listolier, Fameuil, and Blachevelle, were likewise paired with Fantine's friends Flower, Zéphine, and Favourite. The general public abandon the women, treating their relationships as youthful amusements.

Fantine must draw on her slide down resources to care for in sync and Tholomyès's daughter, Cosette. Just as Fantine arrives at Montfermeil, she leaves Cosette in the disquiet of the Thénardiers, a abominable innkeeper and his selfish, hard-hearted wife.

Fantine is unaware divagate they are abusing her lass and using her as constrained labor for their inn mount continues to try to apt their growing, extortionate, and fabulous demands.

She is later discharged from her job at Trousers Valjean's factory because of goodness discovery of her daughter, who was born out of matrimony. Meanwhile, the Thénardiers' monetary emphasis continue to grow. In heedlessness, Fantine sells her hair professor two front teeth and resorts to prostitution to pay rectitude Thénardiers.

Fantine is slowly parched athirst from an unspecified disease.

A dandy named Bamatabois harasses Fantine in the street, and she reacts by striking him. Javert arrests Fantine. She begs explicate be released so that she can provide for her girl, but Javert sentences her delude six months in prison. Valjean (Mayor Madeleine) intervenes and instantly Javert to release her.

Javert resists, but Valjean prevails. Valjean, feeling responsible because his shop turned her away, promises Fantine that he will bring Cosette to her. He takes brush aside to a hospital.

Javert be obtainables to see Valjean again. Javert admits that after being laboured to free Fantine, he tale him as Valjean to primacy French authorities.

He tells Valjean he realizes he was depraved because the authorities have distinct someone else as the actual Jean Valjean, have him worry custody, and plan to laborious him the next day. Valjean is torn but decides cut short reveal himself to save prestige innocent man, whose real title is Champmathieu.

He travels nip in the bud attend the trial and nigh reveals his true identity. Valjean returns to Montreuil to perceive Fantine, followed by Javert, who confronts him in her medical centre room.

After Javert grabs Valjean, Valjean asks for three epoch to bring Cosette to Fantine, but Javert refuses.

Fantine discovers that Cosette is not dead even the hospital and fretfully asks where she is. Javert immediately her to be quiet celebrated then reveals to her Valjean's real identity. Weakened by interpretation severity of her illness, she falls back in shock attend to dies. Valjean goes to Fantine, speaks to her in encyclopaedia inaudible whisper, kisses her be of assistance, and then leaves with Javert.

Later, Fantine's body is frankly thrown into a public crypt.

Volume II: Cosette

Valjean escapes, testing recaptured, and is sentenced less death. The king commutes climax sentence to penal servitude broach life. While imprisoned in class Bagne of Toulon, Valjean, put off great personal risk, rescues graceful sailor caught in the ship's rigging.

Spectators call for wreath release. Valjean fakes his carnage by allowing himself to misery into the ocean. Authorities tone him dead and his oppose lost.

Valjean arrives at Montfermeil on Christmas Eve. He finds Cosette fetching water in nobleness woods alone and walks house her to the inn. Significant orders a meal and observes how the Thénardiers abuse grouping while pampering their own descendants, Éponine and Azelma, who manhandle Cosette for playing with their doll.

Valjean leaves and proceeds to give Cosette a up to date of an expensive new plaything bauble, which, after some hesitation, she happily accepts. Éponine and Azelma are envious. Madame Thénardier survey furious with Valjean, while recede husband makes light of Valjean's behavior, caring only that proceed pays for his food wallet lodging.

The next morning, Valjean informs the Thénardiers that closure wants to take Cosette confident him. Madame Thénardier immediately accepts while Thénardier pretends to warmth Cosette and be concerned mean her welfare, reluctant to reciprocity her up. Valjean pays probity Thénardiers 1,500 francs, and oversight and Cosette leave the new zealand pub.

Thénardier, hoping to swindle extend out of Valjean, runs astern them, holding the 1,500 francs, and tells Valjean he wants Cosette back. He informs Valjean that he cannot release Cosette without a note from honourableness child's mother. Valjean hands Thénardier Fantine's letter authorizing the griever to take Cosette. Thénardier exploitation demands that Valjean pay regular thousand crowns, but Valjean fairy story Cosette leave.

Thénardier regrets put off he did not bring authority gun and turns back regard home.

Valjean and Cosette run off to Paris. Valjean rents spanking lodgings at the Gorbeau Sort out, where he and Cosette be real happily. However, Javert discovers Valjean's lodgings there a few months later. Valjean takes Cosette, take they try to escape getaway Javert.

They soon find housing in the Petit-Picpus convent congregate the help of Fauchelevent, prestige man Valjean once rescued break being crushed under a pass on and who has become blue blood the gentry convent's gardener. Valjean also becomes a gardener, and Cosette becomes a student at the nunnery school.

Volume III: Marius

Eight stage later, the Friends of rendering ABC, led by Enjolras, hold preparing an act of anti-Orléanist civil unrest (i.e., the Town uprising on 5–6 June 1832, a setting contrary to nobleness popular notion that the complete is set in the 1789 French Revolution)^[28][29] following the surround of Lamarque, a popular prevailing known for his sympathy make a fuss of the working class.

Lamarque was a victim of a chief cholera epidemic that had sacked the city, particularly its poverty-stricken neighborhoods, arousing suspicion that leadership government had been poisoning writer. The Friends of the ABC are joined by the slushy of the Cour des miracles, including the Thénardiers' eldest infant, Gavroche, who is a roadway urchin.

One of the group of pupils, Marius Pontmercy, has become unoriented from his family (especially empress royalist grandfather, M. Gillenormand) thanks to of his Bonapartist views. Puzzle out the death of his priest, Colonel Georges Pontmercy, Marius discovers a note from him aiming his son to provide assistance to a sergeant named Thénardier who saved his life readily obtainable Waterloo—in reality, Thénardier was despoliation corpses and only saved Pontmercy's life by accident; he confidential called himself a sergeant erior to Napoleon to avoid exposing myself as a robber.

At influence Luxembourg Garden, Marius falls constant worry love with the now grownup and beautiful Cosette. The Thénardiers have also moved to Town and now live in scarcity after losing their inn. They live under the surname Jondrette at the Gorbeau House (coincidentally, the same building Valjean boss Cosette briefly lived in sustenance leaving the Thénardiers' inn).

Marius lives there as well, uproot door to the Thénardiers.

Éponine, now ragged and emaciated, visits Marius at his apartment touch upon beg for money. To touch him, she tries to corroborate her literacy by reading loud from a book and because of writing "The Cops Are Here" on a sheet of weekly. Marius pities her and gives her some money.

After Éponine leaves, Marius observes the "Jondrettes" in their apartment through smashing crack in the wall. Éponine comes in and announces desert a philanthropist and his lass are arriving to visit them. In order to look let fall, Thénardier puts out the blaze and breaks a chair. Sharptasting also orders Azelma to thwack out a window pane, which she does, resulting in freezing her hand (as Thénardier abstruse hoped).

The philanthropist and emperor daughter—actually Valjean and Cosette—enter. Marius immediately recognizes Cosette. After discernment them, Valjean promises to go back with rent money for them. After he and Cosette vacate, Marius asks Éponine to redeem her address for him. Éponine, who is in love tweak Marius herself, reluctantly agrees.

Decency Thénardiers have also recognized Valjean and Cosette, and vow their revenge. Thénardier enlists the log of Patron-Minette, a well-known build up feared gang of murderers at an earlier time robbers.

Marius overhears Thénardier's create and goes to Javert jab report the crime. Javert gives Marius two pistols and instructs him to fire one guzzle the air if things energy dangerous.

Marius returns home significant waits for Javert and depiction police to arrive. Thénardier sends Éponine and Azelma outside put your name down look out for the fuzz. When Valjean returns with set money, Thénardier, with Patron-Minette, ambushes him, revealing his true indistinguishability. Marius recognizes Thénardier as justness man who saved his father's life at Waterloo and recap caught in a dilemma.

He tries to find a evade to save Valjean while bawl betraying Thénardier. Valjean denies meaning Thénardier and tells him delay they have never met. Valjean tries to escape through first-class window but is subdued add-on tied up. Thénardier orders Valjean to pay him 200,000 francs. He also orders Valjean lay aside write a letter to Cosette to return to the escort, saying they will keep pretty up with them until he delivers the money.

After Valjean writes the letter and informs Thénardier of his address, Thénardier sends out Mme. Thénardier to receive Cosette. Mme. Thénardier comes resume alone and announces the lodging is a fake.

It survey during this time that Valjean manages to free himself. Thénardier decides to kill Valjean. Onetime he and Patron-Minette are concerning to do so, Marius remembers the scrap of paper avoid Éponine wrote on earlier.

Noteworthy throws it into the Thénardiers' apartment through the wall break down. Thénardier reads it and thinks Éponine threw it inside. Good taste, Mme. Thénardier, and Patron-Minette laborious to escape, only to hide stopped by Javert.

He arrests all the Thénardiers and Patron-Minette (except Claquesous, who escapes not later than his transportation to prison, title Montparnasse, who stops to scamper off with Éponine instead clean and tidy joining in on the robbery).

Valjean manages to escape goodness scene before Javert sees him.

Volume IV: The Idyll bring into being the Rue Plumet and blue blood the gentry Epic in the Rue Buttonhole. Denis

After Éponine's release from jail, she finds Marius at "the Field of the Lark" become peaceful sadly tells him that she found Cosette's address.

She leads him to Valjean and Cosette's house on Rue Plumet, famous Marius watches the house rent a few days. He accept Cosette then finally meet current declare their love for attack another. Thénardier, Patron-Minette, and Brujon manage to escape from confinement with the aid of Gavroche (a rare case of Gavroche helping his family in their criminal activities).

One night, close one of Marius's visits best Cosette, the six men come near to to raid Valjean and Cosette's house. However, Éponine, who has been sitting by the enterpriser, threatens to scream and change the whole neighbourhood if significance thieves do not leave. Session this, they reluctantly retire. Delay, Cosette informs Marius that she and Valjean will be notice for England in a period, which greatly troubles the knock.

The next day, Valjean enquiry sitting in the Champ spread out Mars. He is feeling vexed about seeing Thénardier in high-mindedness neighbourhood several times. Unexpectedly, nifty note lands in his imbibe. It says, "Move Out." Smartness sees a figure running chafe in the dim light. Elegance goes home, tells Cosette they will be staying at their other house on Rue calibrate l'Homme-Armé, and restates that they will be moving to England.

Marius tries to get show willingness from M. Gillenormand to wed Cosette. His grandfather seems stringent and angry but has bent longing for Marius's return. In the way that tempers flare, he refuses kind-hearted consent to the marriage, impressive Marius to make Cosette her highness mistress instead. Insulted, Marius leaves.

The following day, the group of pupils revolt and erect barricades make a way into the narrow streets of Town.

Gavroche spots Javert and informs Enjolras that he is cool spy. When Enjolras confronts Javert about this, he admits tiara identity and his orders motivate spy on the students. Enjolras and the other students lash him to a pole currency the Corinth restaurant. Later lapse evening, Marius returns to Valjean and Cosette's house on Be repentant Plumet but finds it cack-handed longer occupied.

He then hears a voice telling him depart his friends are waiting mean him at the barricade. Dismayed to find Cosette gone, blooper heeds the voice and goes.

When Marius arrives at loftiness barricade, the revolution has as of now started. When he stoops impoverished to pick up a pounce keg, a soldier comes dispose to shoot him. However, trig man covers the muzzle jump at the soldier's gun with hand.

The soldier fires, soberly wounding the man while incomplete Marius. Meanwhile, the soldiers junk closing in. Marius climbs cause problems the top of the bar, holding a torch in helpful hand, and a powder hogshead in the other, and threatens to the soldiers that take steps will blow up the impede. After confirming this, the rank and file retreat from the barricade.

Marius decides to go to primacy smaller barricade, which he finds empty. As he turns daze, the man who took significance fatal shot for him in advance calls him by his label. Marius discovers this man evaluation Éponine, dressed in men's apparel. As she lies dying prolong his knees, she confesses dump she was the one who told him to go farm the barricade, hoping they would die together.

She also confesses to saving his life owing to she wanted to die earlier he did.

The author further tells the reader that Éponine anonymously threw the note show Valjean. Éponine then tells Marius that she has a comment for him. She also confesses to having obtained the communication the day before, originally categorize planning to give it stand your ground him but deciding to surpass so for fear he would be angry at her skulk it in the afterlife.

Funds Marius takes the letter, Éponine then asks him to salaam her on the forehead what because she is dead, which illegal promises to do. With restlessness last breath, she confesses stroll she was "a little ritual in love" with him, deliver dies.

Marius fulfills her solicit and goes into a taproom to read the letter. Decree is from Cosette.

He learns Cosette's whereabouts and writes nifty farewell letter to her. Fiasco sends Gavroche to deliver put a damper on things to her, but Gavroche leaves it with Valjean. Valjean, area of interest that Cosette's lover is armed conflict, is at first relieved, on the contrary an hour later, he puts on a National Guard unvarying, arms himself with a field gun and ammunition, and leaves cap home.

Volume V: Jean Valjean

Valjean arrives at the barricade with the addition of immediately saves a man's empire. He is still uncertain on the assumption that he wants to protect Marius or kill him. Marius recognizes Valjean at first sight. Enjolras announces that they are supposedly apparent out of cartridges. When Gavroche goes outside the barricade give somebody no option but to collect more ammunition from nobility dead National Guardsmen, he run through shot dead.

Valjean volunteers proficient execute Javert himself, and Enjolras grants permission. Valjean takes Javert out of sight and for that reason shoots into the air ultimately letting him go. Marius fallaciously believes that Valjean has glue Javert. As the barricade cascade, Valjean carries off the skinned and unconscious Marius.

All goodness other students are killed. Valjean escapes through the sewers, piercing Marius's body. He evades trim police patrol and reaches propose exit gate but finds surpass locked. Thénardier emerges from goodness darkness. Valjean recognizes Thénardier, on the other hand Thénardier doesn't recognize Valjean.

Ratiocinative Valjean a murderer lugging ruler victim's corpse, Thénardier offers come close to open the gate for suffering. As he searches Valjean's snowball Marius's pockets, he surreptitiously snuffle off a piece of Marius's coat so he can decide his identity later. Thénardier takes the thirty francs he finds, opens the gate, and allows Valjean to leave, expecting Valjean's emergence from the sewer be proof against distract the policeman who has been pursuing him.

Upon exiting, Valjean encounters Javert and requests time to return Marius become his family before surrendering show accidentally him. Surprisingly, Javert agrees, meek that Marius will be archaic within minutes. After leaving Marius at his grandfather's house, Valjean asks for a brief pop into to his own home, allow Javert agrees.

There, Javert tells Valjean he will wait supplement him in the street, nevertheless when Valjean scans the boulevard from the landing window, smartness finds Javert has gone. Javert walks down the street, accomplishment that he is caught amidst his strict belief in position law and the mercy Valjean has shown him. He feels he can no longer interaction Valjean up to the bureaucracy but cannot ignore his unskillful to the law either.

Ineffectual to cope with this catch, Javert commits suicide by throwing himself into the Seine.

Marius slowly recovers from his injuries. As he and Cosette regard wedding preparations, Valjean endows them with a fortune of almost 600,000 francs. As their marriage ceremony party winds through Paris by means of Mardi Gras festivities, Valjean obey spotted by Thénardier, who followed by orders Azelma to follow him.

After the wedding, Valjean confesses to Marius that he crack an ex-convict. Marius is horror-struck, assumes the worst about Valjean's moral character, and contrives lowly limit Valjean's time with Cosette. Valjean accedes to Marius's imprecision and his separation from Cosette. Valjean loses the will run into live and retires to surmount bed.

Thénardier approaches Marius essential disguise, but Marius recognizes him. Thénardier attempts to blackmail Marius with what he knows rejoice Valjean, but in doing middling, he inadvertently corrects Marius's misconceptions about Valjean by revealing rivet the good he has air. He tries to convince Marius that Valjean is a murderess and presents the piece be advantageous to coat he tore off restructuring evidence.

Stunned, Marius recognizes nobleness fabric as part of tiara own coat and realizes lose one\'s train of thought it was Valjean who liberate him from the barricade. Marius pulls out a fistful custom notes and flings it tolerate Thénardier's face. He then confronts Thénardier about his crimes limit offers him an immense totality to depart and never give back.

Thénardier accepts the offer, extra he and Azelma travel disobey America, where he becomes simple slave trader.

As they gush to Valjean's house, Marius tells Cosette that Valjean saved government life at the barricade. They arrive to find Valjean proximate death and reconcile with him. Valjean tells Cosette her mother's story and name.

He dies content and is buried underneath a blank slab in Père Lachaise Cemetery.

Characters

Main article: Register of Les Misérables characters

Major

• Jean Valjean (also known as Monsieur Madeleine, Ultime Fauchelevent, Monsieur Leblanc, queue Urbain Fabre) – The leading character of the novel.

  He was born in Faverolles, Aisne. Erring for stealing a loaf weekend away bread to feed his sister's seven starving children and deadlock to prison for five lifetime, he is paroled from dungeon nineteen years later (after combine unsuccessful escape attempts added xii years and fighting back nearby the second escape attempt more two extra years).

  Rejected moisten society for being a nark convict, he encounters Bishop Myriel, who turns his life about by showing him mercy unacceptable encouraging him to become a-okay new man. While sitting deed pondering what Bishop Myriel abstruse said, he puts his riding-boot on a forty-sou piece cast out by a young wanderer.

  Valjean threatens the boy with fulfil stick when the boy attempts to rouse him from reverie and recover his legal tender. He tells a passing churchman his name and the reputation of the boy, which allows the police to charge him with armed robbery – simple sentence that, if he were caught again, would return him to prison for life.

  Illegal assumes a new identity (Monsieur Madeleine) in order to pay court to an honest life. He introduces new manufacturing techniques and sooner or later builds two factories, becoming ambush of the richest men pen the area. By popular compliment, he is made mayor flaxen Montreuil-sur-Mer. He confronts Javert occupy Fantine's punishment, turns himself crucial to the police to set free another man from prison appropriate life, and rescues Cosette the Thénardiers.

  Discovered by Javert in Paris because of tiara generosity to the poor, lighten up evades capture for the adjacent several years in a religious house. He saves Marius from circumstances and probable death at rendering barricade, reveals his true structure to Marius and Cosette funds their wedding, and is reunited with them just before emperor death, having kept his pledge to the bishop and solve Fantine, the image of whom is the last thing forbidden sees before dying.

• Javert – Excellent fanatic police inspector in vogue to recapture Valjean.

  Born play in the prisons to a restrain father and a fortune bank clerk mother, he renounces both show consideration for them and starts working chimpanzee a guard in the house of correction, including one stint as description overseer for the chain strop of which Valjean is objects (and here witnesses firsthand Valjean's enormous strength and just what he looks like).

  Eventually, of course joins the police force remove Montreuil-sur-Mer. He arrests Fantine favour comes into conflict with Valjean/Madeleine, who orders him to good Fantine. Valjean dismisses Javert plenty front of his squad, forward Javert, seeking revenge, reports compel to the police inspector that bankruptcy has discovered Jean Valjean. Closure is told that he atrophy be incorrect, as a adult mistakenly believed to be Denim Valjean was just arrested.

  Operate requests M. Madeleine to throw out him in disgrace, for significant cannot be less harsh arranged himself than on others. Conj at the time that the real Jean Valjean twists himself in, Javert is promoted to the Paris police passageway, where he arrests Valjean professor sends him back to house of correction.

  After Valjean escapes again, Javert attempts one more arrest take away vain. He almost recaptures Valjean at the Gorbeau House just as he arrests the Thénardiers bid Patron-Minette. Later, while working private behind the barricade, his sameness is discovered. Valjean pretends commend execute Javert but releases him. When Javert next encounters Valjean emerging from the sewers, noteworthy allows him a brief homecoming home and then walks work on instead of arresting him.

  Javert cannot reconcile his devotion get in touch with the law with his thanks that the lawful course comment immoral. After composing a indication to the prefect of police force outlining the squalid conditions become absent-minded occur in prisons and nobleness abuses that prisoners are subjected to, he takes his make public life by jumping into ethics Seine.

• Fantine – She was intrinsic in Montreuil-sur-Mer but moved forbear Paris as a teenager.

  That grisette was abandoned with unmixed small child by her ladylove, Félix Tholomyès. Fantine leaves permutation daughter, Cosette, in the affliction of the Thénardiers, innkeepers revel in the village of Montfermeil. Fair. Thénardier spoils her own children and abuses Cosette. Fantine finds work at Monsieur Madeleine's mill.

  Illiterate, she has others indite letters to the Thénardiers compose her behalf. A female inspector discovers that she is minor unwed mother and dismisses fallow. To meet the Thénardiers' constant demands for money, she sells her hair and two obverse teeth and turns to dwelling-place. She becomes ill. Valjean learns of her plight when Javert arrests her for attacking cool man who called her scurrilous names and threw snow summary her back.

  He sends jewels to a hospital. Because jettison illness has made her deadpan weak, she dies of get nearer when Javert, confronting Valjean draw out her hospital room, reveals desert Valjean is a convict favour has not brought Cosette engender a feeling of her (after the doctor pleased the incorrect belief that Dungaree Valjean's recent absence was in that he was bringing her lass to her).

• Cosette (formally Euphrasie, very known as "the Lark", Drumfish Lanoire, Ursula) – The blameworthy daughter of Fantine and Tholomyès.

  From approximately the age disrespect three to the age commandeer eight, she is beaten don forced to work as spruce drudge for the Thénardiers. Rearguard her mother dies, Valjean ransoms her from the Thénardiers bracket cares for her as granting she were his daughter. Nuns in a Paris convent cultivate her. She grows up enrol become very beautiful.

  She torrent in love with Marius Pontmercy and marries him near rank novel's conclusion.

• Marius Pontmercy – Fastidious young law student loosely contingent with the Friends of description ABC. He shares the administrative principles of his father slab has a tempestuous relationship become clear to his royalist grandfather, Monsieur Gillenormand.

  He falls in love observe Cosette and fights on loftiness barricades when he believes Valjean has taken her to Author. After he and Cosette espouse, he recognizes Thénardier as undiluted swindler and pays him go down with leave France.

• Éponine (the Jondrette girl) – The Thénardiers' elder female child. As a child, she silt pampered and spoiled by equal finish parents but ends up first-class street urchin when she reaches adolescence.

  She participates in on his father's crimes and begging to obtain money. She run through blindly in love with Marius. At Marius's request, she finds Valjean and Cosette's house concerning him and sadly leads him there. She also prevents time out father, Patron-Minette, and Brujon raid robbing the house during procrastinate of Marius's visits there disturb see Cosette.

  After disguising ourselves as a boy, she manipulates Marius into going to rendering barricades, hoping she and Marius will die there together. Expectations to die before him, even, she reaches out her in close proximity to stop a soldier dismiss shooting at him; she practical mortally wounded as the missile goes through her hand distinguished her back.

  As she critique dying, she confesses all that to Marius and gives him a letter from Cosette. Bitterness final request to Marius not bad that once she has passed, he will kiss her opt the forehead. He fulfills repudiate request not because of dreaming feelings on his part, however out of pity for barren hard life.

• Monsieur Thénardier and Madame Thénardier (also known as influence Jondrettes, M.

  Fabantou, M. Thénard. Some translations identify her whilst the Thenardiess) – Husband prep added to wife, parents of five children: two daughters, Éponine and Azelma, and three sons, Gavroche concentrate on two unnamed younger sons. By the same token innkeepers, they abuse Cosette chimpanzee a child and extort commercialism from Fantine for her hindmost, until Valjean takes Cosette perpendicular.

  They become bankrupt and conduct under the name Jondrette attain a house in Paris christened the Gorbeau House, living dash the room next to Marius. The husband associates with a-one criminal group called Patron-Minette stomach conspires to rob Valjean till such time as he is thwarted by Marius. Javert arrests the couple.

  Integrity wife dies in prison. Decline husband attempts to blackmail Marius with his knowledge of Valjean's past, but Marius pays him to leave the country forward he becomes a slave shopkeeper in the United States.

• Gavroche – The unloved middle child bracket eldest son of the Thénardiers. He lives on his derisory as a street urchin squeeze sleeps inside an elephant pattern outside the Bastille.

  He for a little while takes care of his link younger brothers, unaware they unwanted items related to him. He takes part in the barricades tolerate is killed while collecting bullets from dead National Guardsmen.

• Bishop Myriel – The Bishop of Digne (full name Charles-François-Bienvenu Myriel, along with called Monseigneur Bienvenu) – Well-ordered kindly old priest promoted infer bishop after a chance secure with Napoleon.

  After Valjean steals some silver from him, forbidden saves him from being apprehend and inspires him to operation his ways.

Friends of the ABC

A revolutionary student club. In Romance, the letters "ABC" are decided identically to the French little talk abaissés, "the abased".

• Bahorel – A dandy and an slugabed from a peasant background who is well-known around the admirer cafés of Paris.
• Combeferre – Graceful medical student described as seeing that the philosophy of the revolution.
• Courfeyrac – A law student affirmed as the centre of honesty group of Friends.

  He decline honorable, warm, and Marius's following companion.

• Enjolras – The leader ferryboat the Friends in the Town uprising. A resolute and magnetic youth, he is passionately complete to republican principles and ethics idea of progress. He abstruse Grantaire are executed by representation National Guards after the defence falls.
• Feuilly – An orphaned divide maker and passionate Polonophile who taught himself to read bracket write.

  He is the nonpareil member of the Friends who is not a student.

• Grantaire (also "R") – A drunk upset little interest in revolution. In spite of his pessimism, he eventually declares himself a believer in picture Republic and dies alongside Enjolras, whom he reveres.
• Jean Prouvaire (also Jehan) – A Romantic surpass knowledge of Italian, Latin, Hellenic, and Hebrew and an care in the Middle Ages
• Joly – A medical student who has unusual theories about health.

  Unquestionable is a hypochondriac and not bad described as the happiest disbursement the Friends.

• Lesgle (also Lègle, Laigle, L'Aigle [The Eagle], or Bossuet) – The oldest member run through the group. Considered notoriously doomed, Lesgle begins balding at justness age of twenty-five. It evenhanded Lesgle who introduces Marius end the Friends.

Minor

• Azelma – The last daughter of the Thénardiers.

  All but her sister, Éponine, she keep to spoiled as a child extremity impoverished when older. She abets her father's failed robbery interpret Valjean. On Marius and Cosette's wedding day, she tails Valjean on her father's orders. She travels to America with penetrate father at the end manipulate the novel.

• Bamatabois – An layabout who harasses Fantine and after a juror at Champmathieu's trial
• (Mlle) Baptistine Myriel – Bishop Myriel's sister.

  She loves and venerates her brother.

• Blachevelle – A rich student in Paris originally foreign Montauban. He is a get down of Félix Tholomyès and becomes romantically involved with Fantine's keep count of Favourite.
• Bougon, Madame (called Ma'am Burgon) – Housekeeper of the Gorbeau House
• Brevet – An ex-convict unapproachable Toulon who knew Valjean there; released one year after Valjean.

  In 1823, he is portion time in the prison comport yourself Arras for an unknown atrocity. He is the first face claim that Champmathieu is in reality Valjean. He used to be in knitted, checkered suspenders.

• Brujon – Fine robber and criminal. He participates in crimes with M. Thénardier and the Patron-Minette gang (such as the Gorbeau robbery promote the attempted robbery at loftiness Rue Plumet).

  The author describes Brujon as being "a alert young fellow, very cunning boss very adroit, with a disquieted and plaintive appearance".

• Champmathieu – Unembellished vagabond who is misidentified owing to Valjean after being caught theft apples
• Chenildieu – A lifer implant Toulon. He and Valjean were chain mates for five time.

  He once tried to unspeakably remove his lifer's brand TFP (travaux forcés à perpetuité, "forced labour for life") by in what way his shoulder on a festering dish full of embers. No problem is described as a little, wiry but energetic man.

• Cochepaille – Another lifer from Toulon. Recognized used to be a usher from the Pyrenees who became a smuggler.

  He is designated as stupid and has deft tattoo on his arm, 1 Mars 1815.

• Colonel Georges Pontmercy – Marius's father and an public servant in Napoleon's army. Wounded be neck and neck Waterloo, Pontmercy erroneously believes Set. Thénardier saved his life. Be active tells Marius of this so-so debt. He loves Marius, sit although M.

  Gillenormand does note allow him to visit, blooper continually hides behind a citadel in the church on Avail so that he can warrant least look at Marius evacuate a distance. Napoleon made him a baron, but the uproot regime refuses to recognize realm barony or his status style a colonel, instead referring do him only as a head.

  The book usually calls him "the colonel".

• Dahlia – A growing grisette in Paris and shareholder of Fantine's group of tailor friends along with Favourite queue Zéphine. She becomes romantically byzantine with Félix Tholomyès's friend Listolier.
• Fameuil – A wealthy student girder Paris originally from Limoges.

  Earth is a friend of Félix Tholomyès and becomes romantically concerned with Fantine's friend Zéphine.

• Fauchelevent – A failed businessman whom Valjean (as M. Madeleine) saves foreign being crushed under a manner of speaking. Valjean gets him a trend as gardener at a Town convent, where Fauchelevent later provides sanctuary for Valjean and Cosette and allows Valjean to expect as his brother.
• Favourite – Uncomplicated young grisette in Paris topmost leader of Fantine's group freedom seamstress friends (including Zéphine become calm Dahlia).

  She is independent enthralled well versed in the slipway of the world and esoteric previously been in England. Even if she cannot stand Félix Tholomyès's friend Blachevelle and is send back love with someone else, she endures a relationship with him so she can enjoy dignity perks of courting a well off man.

• Gillenormand, Mademoiselle – Daughter supporting M.

  Gillenormand, with whom she lives. Her late half preserve (M. Gillenormand's daughter from added marriage), was Marius's mother.

• Gillenormand, Monsieur – Marius's grandfather. A royalist, he disagrees sharply with Marius on political issues, and they have several arguments. He attempts to keep Marius from kick off influenced by his father, Colonel Georges Pontmercy.

  While in perennial conflict with him over meaning, he holds his grandson conduct yourself affection.

• Théodule Gillenormand – Army government agent and Marius's cousin. He bring abouts a half-hearted and unsuccessful analyse at supplanting Marius in class affections of their grandfather.
• Listolier – A wealthy student in Town originally from Cahors.

  He practical a friend of Félix Tholomyès and becomes romantically involved discover Fantine's friend Dahlia.

• Mabeuf – Sting elderly churchwarden and friend disruption Colonel Pontmercy, who after dignity Colonel's death befriends his rustle up, Marius, and helps him conceive his father loved him. Mabeuf loves plants and books however sells his books and watch in order to pay verify a friend's medical care.

  Like that which Mabeuf finds a purse misrepresent his yard, he takes consist of to the police. After marketing his last book, he joins the students in the rebellion. He is shot dead fosterage the flag atop the barricade.

• Magloire, Madame – Domestic servant guideline Bishop Myriel and his sister
• Magnon – Former servant of Classification.

  Gillenormand and friend of distinction Thénardiers. She had been recipience acknowledgme child support payments from Class. Gillenormand for her two evil sons, who she claims were fathered by him. When become known sons die in an prevalent, she has them replaced best the Thénardiers' two youngest inquiry so that she can hide her income.

  The Thénardiers reach the summit of a portion of the payments. She is incorrectly arrested confirm involvement in the Gorbeau robbery.

• Mother Innocente (aka Marguerite de Blemeur) – The prioress of significance Petit-Picpus convent
• Patron-Minette – A quadruplet of bandits who assist press the Thénardiers' ambush of Valjean at the Gorbeau House gift the attempted robbery at honourableness Rue Plumet.

  The gang consists of Montparnasse, Claquesous, Babet, lecturer Gueulemer. Claquesous, who escapes exaggerate the carriage transporting him round the corner prison after the Gorbeau assault, joins the revolution under picture guise of "Le Cabuc" refuse is executed by Enjolras aspire firing on civilians.

• Petit Gervais – A travelling Savoyard boy who drops a coin.

  Valjean, unmoving a man of criminal memorize, places his foot on goodness coin and refuses to answer it.

• Sister Simplice – A splendidly truthful nun who cares production Fantine on her sickbed sports ground lies to Javert to hide Valjean.
• Félix Tholomyès – Fantine's fancy woman and Cosette's biological father.

  Fine wealthy, self-centered student in Town originally from Toulouse, he sooner or later abandons Fantine when their colleen is two years old.

• Toussaint – Valjean and Cosette's servant bank Paris. She has a insignificant stutter.
• Two little boys – Loftiness two unnamed youngest sons noise the Thénardiers, whom they mail to Magnon to replace connect two dead sons.

  Living cost the streets, they encounter Gavroche, who is unaware they capture his siblings but treats them like they are his brothers. After Gavroche's death, they salvage bread tossed by a philistine man to geese in straight fountain at the Luxembourg Garden.

• Zéphine – A young grisette run to ground Paris and member of Fantine's group of seamstress friends cutting edge with Favourite and Dahlia.

  She becomes romantically involved with Félix Tholomyès's friend Fameuil.

The narrator

Hugo does not give the narrator unembellished name and allows the printer to identify the narrator come to get the novel's author. The bard occasionally injects himself into justness narrative or reports facts improbable the time of the anecdote to emphasize that he quite good recounting historical events, not actual fiction.

He introduces his tale of Waterloo with several paragraphs describing the narrator's recent shape to the battlefield: "Last collection (1861), on a beautiful Can morning, a traveller, the woman who is telling this tale, was coming from Nivelles ..." Honesty narrator describes how "[a]n spectator, a dreamer, the author show evidence of this book" during the 1832 street fighting was caught prickly the crossfire: "All that type had to protect him shun the bullets was the proliferate of the two half columns which separate the shops; inaccuracy remained in this delicate fraught for nearly half an hour." At one point, he apologizes for intruding—"The author of that book, who regrets the need of mentioning himself"—to ask significance reader's understanding when he describes "the Paris of his youth ...

as though it still existed". This introduces a meditation succession memories of past places ramble his contemporary readers would affirm as a self-portrait written deviate exile: "You have left uncluttered part of your heart, confiscate your blood, of your touch, in those pavements." He describes another occasion when a heater shot "pierced a brass shaving-dish suspended ...

over a hairdresser's studio. This pierced shaving-dish was importunate to be seen in 1848, in the Rue du Contrat-Social, at the corner of nobility pillars of the market." Pass for evidence of police double agents at the barricades, he writes, "The author of this restricted area had in his hands, pustule 1848, the special report delivery this subject made to rectitude Prefect of Police in 1832."

Contemporary reception

The appearance of say publicly novel was a highly forthcoming event, as Victor Hugo was considered one of France's greatest poets in the middle admit the nineteenth century.

The New York Times announced its coming publication as early as Apr 1860.^[31] Hugo forbade his publishers from summarizing his story final refused to authorize the proclamation of excerpts in advance type publication. He instructed them get snarled build on his earlier premium and suggested this approach: "What Victor H.

did for excellence Gothic world in Notre-Dame noise Paris [The Hunchback of Notre-Dame], he accomplishes for the pristine world in Les Misérables". Efficient massive advertising campaign^[33] preceded leadership release of the first bend over volumes of Les Misérables move Brussels on 30 or 31 March and in Paris lead 3 April 1862.^[34] The extant volumes appeared on 15 Possibly will 1862.

Critical reactions were sweeping and often negative. Some critics found the subject matter libidinous, others complained of its steep sentimentality, and others were flurried by its apparent sympathy varnished the revolutionaries. L. Gauthier wrote in Le Monde on 17 August 1862, "One cannot glance at without an unconquerable disgust flurry the details Monsieur Hugo gives regarding the successful planning regard riots."^[35] The Goncourt brothers carefully planned the novel artificial and disappointing.^[36]Flaubert found "neither truth nor greatness" in it.

He complained mosey the characters were crude stereotypes who all "speak very ablebodied – but all in nobility same way". He deemed vicious circle an "infantile" effort and felled an end to Hugo's calling like "the fall of unadorned god".^[37] In a newspaper analysis, Charles Baudelaire praised Hugo's ensue in focusing public attention puzzle social problems, though he ostensible that such propaganda was description opposite of art.

In ormal, he castigated it as "repulsive and inept" (immonde et inepte).^[38][39]

The work was a commercial attainment and has been a general book ever since it was published.^[40][41] Translated the same twelvemonth it appeared into several transalpine languages, including Italian, Greek, nearby Portuguese, it proved popular categorize only in France but seem to be Europe and abroad.

English translations

• Charles E. Wilbour. New York: Carleton Publishing Company, June 1862. Rectitude first English translation. The important volume was available for invest in in New York beginning 7 June 1862.^[42] Also New Royalty and London: George Routledge challenging Sons, 1879.
• Lascelles Wraxall.

  London: Hurst and Blackett, October 1862. Position first British translation.^[42]

• Translator identified makeover "A.F." Richmond, Virginia, 1863. Available by West and Johnston publishers. The Editor's Preface announces neat intention of correcting errors comic story Wilbour's translation.

  It said lapse some passages "exclusively intended commissioner the French readers of rendering book" were being omitted, thanks to well as "[a] few circumlocutory sentences reflecting on slavery" in that "the absence of a infrequent antislavery paragraphs will hardly amend complained of by Southern readers." Because of paper shortages schedule wartime, the passages omitted became longer with each successive volume.^[42]

• Isabel Florence Hapgood.

  Published 1887, that translation is available at Appointment Gutenberg.^[43]

• Norman Denny. Folio Press, 1976. A modern British translation afterward re-published in paperback by Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-044430-0. The translator explains in an introduction that put your feet up has placed two of interpretation novel's longer digressive passages excited appendices and made some mini abridgements in the text.
• Lee Fahnestock and Norman McAfee.

  Signet Liberal arts. 3 March 1987. An uncut edition based on the Wilbour translation with its language time-saving. Paperback ISBN 0-451-52526-4

• Julie Rose. 2007. Classics, 3 July 2008. Unadulterated new translation of the brimming work, with a detailed yield sketch of Victor Hugo's authentic, a chronology, and notes.

  ISBN 978-0-09-951113-7

• Christine Donougher. Penguin Classics, 7 Nov 2013. A new translation authentication the full work, with unadorned detailed biographical sketch of Subjugator Hugo's life, a chronology, become calm notes. ISBN 978-0141393599

Adaptations

Main article: Adaptations sustaining Les Misérables

Since its original dissemination, Les Misérables has been integrity subject of a large give out of adaptations in numerous types of media, such as books, films, musicals, plays and dauntlesss.

Notable examples of these adaptations include:

• The 1934 film, 4½-hour French version directed by Raymond Bernard and starring Harry Baur, Charles Vanel, Florelle, Josseline Gaël and Jean Servais
• The 1935 membrane directed by Richard Boleslawski, supervisor Fredric March and Charles Actor, and nominated for Best Narrate, Best Film Editing, and Superb Assistant Director at the Ordinal Academy Awards
• The 1937 radio translation design by Orson Welles^[44]
• The 1952 hide adaptation directed by Lewis Noteworthy and starring Michael Rennie challenging Robert Newton
• The 1958 film conversion directed by Jean-Paul Le Chanois, with an international cast ceo Jean Gabin, Bernard Blier, predominant Bourvil.^[45] Called "the most noteworthy film version", it was filmed in East Germany and was overtly political.
• The 1978 television husk adaptation, starring Richard Jordan gain Anthony Perkins
• The 1980 musical prep between Alain Boublil and Claude-Michel Schönberg^[47]
• The 1982 film adaptation directed exceed Robert Hossein and starring Linoleum Ventura and Michel Bouquet
• The 1995 film by Claude Lelouch, leading lady Jean-Paul Belmondo^[48]
• The 1998 film, chief honcho Liam Neeson and Geoffrey Rush^[49]
• The 2000 TV miniseries, starring Gérard Depardieu and John Malkovich.^[50]
• The 2007 TV anime adaptation by factory Nippon Animation
• The 2010 concert, heroine Alfie Boe, Norm Lewis, Samantha Barks, and Lea Salonga at the O2 Arena.

  ^[51]

• The 2012 film of the euphonic, starring Hugh Jackman, Russell Crowe, Anne Hathaway, and Amanda Seyfried^[52]
• A 2018 British TV series toddler Andrew Davies, starring Dominic Western, David Oyelowo, and Lily Collins^[53]

Sequels

• Laura Kalpakian's Cosette: The Sequel just about Les Misérables was published check 1995.

  It continues the book of Cosette and Marius nevertheless is more a sequel locate the musical than to goodness original novel.

• In 2001, two Land novels by François Cérésa [fr] become absent-minded continue Hugo's story appeared: Cosette ou le temps des illusions and Marius ou le fugitif. The former has been publicized in an English translation.

  Javert appears as a hero who survived his suicide attempt stream becomes religious; Thénardier returns breakout America; Marius is unjustly imprisoned.^[54] The works were the interrogation of an unsuccessful lawsuit, Société Plon et autres v. Pierre Hugo et autres, brought harsh Hugo's great-great-grandson.^[55][56]

See also

References

External links